姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

渭河(西安段)柱状沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征研究

本文以渭河(西安段)沉积物柱状样为研究对象,对柱样中重金属As,Ba,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni,Pb,Ti,Zn,Mo和Al含量与分布规律进行分析,为渭河的污染防治以及流域治理规划等提供科学依据.     

贵州省原煤中微量元素的组成特征

研究了贵州省各主要煤田中主要采煤层的Ａｓ,Ｂ,Ｂａ,Ｂｅ,Ｃｄ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｒ,Ｃ,Ｈｇ,Ｌｉ,Ｎｉ,Ｐｂ,Ｓｂ,Ｓｅ,Ｓｒ,Ｔｌ,Ｖ,Ｚｎ等微量元素的组成特征,贵州省原煤中微量元素的含量总体上的世界范围内的一致,但Ｓｂ,Ａｓ,Ｈｇ等有害元素则明显富集,由于煤炭成因上的特殊性,其微量元素的组成除受煤植物的影响外,后期在煤作用对其有决定性的影响。     

甘肃省“两西”地区草地退化的成因

分析了甘肃省“两西”地区草地退化的现状,提出了两西地区草地的退化的成因：（1）草地生境的脆弱性,包括地质地貌的脆弱性,水土,热量匹配差及气候变化的影响,（2）自然外营力的驱动作用,包括干旱,风蚀,水蚀,冻融,盐渍化;（3）人为因素的影响,包括过度放牧,农垦撂荒,樵采挖药,水环境恶化 采矿及工业污染。     

电镀废水中铜锌铬镍对农业环境的影响

电镀废水排水河涌会污染农业环境,以广东省南,海市平洲地区为例,农田灌溉水中Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｎｉ的含量超过允许限值１－１４倍,河涌底泥Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ超标１２－３７倍,土壤超标０．５－２．９倍,作物超标０．３－８倍。进入河涌的Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ能较快沉积于底泥中。     

泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物中酸可提取相重金属

本文用ICP-AES分析了泉州湾潮滩表层沉积物中9种重金属元素(Fe,Mn,Cr,Cu,Ni,Co,Pb,Zn,V)的酸可提取量,测定了沉积物的粒度组成及其TOC,S2和CaCO3含量.相关分析表明,潮滩沉积物中酸可提取重金属主要来源于沿岸工农业废水排放及滩涂养殖用药,尤其是Zn,Pb,Cu,与国内其它海湾和河口相比存在明显富集,受人类活动影响较大;沉积物中酸可提取重金属主要存在于细颗粒中,且主要与无定型铁氧化物及有机质结合.     

浅谈二氧化氯杀菌剂在医院污水中的投放量

对于含有大量细菌和病原体的医院污水,国内大多数医院用液氯或次氯酸钠来处理,杀灭医院污水中的细菌和微生物后再排放,处理医院污水最早使用的是液氯,由于液氯处理医院污水的成本低,因而使用面广,但液氯的腐蚀性强,会导致液氯泄漏事故,存在安全隐患,次氯酸钠发生器是较后期的产品,以电解法为主,由于设备的故障率高,经常停机,不能保证对污水的处理时间,造成医院污水夹带着大量的有害细菌和病原体外排,形成“前门治病后门放毒”的状况,用液氯或电解法次氯酸钠发生器处理医院污水已很难满足淮河流域达标排放的要求,二氧化氯（ClO2)是一种无机强氧化剂,具有极强的杀菌灭藻功能,可用于处理医院污水,杀灭污水中的细菌和微生物,在纳污水体为Ⅲ类水质的淮河流域,更应积极推广。     

用离线超临界流体萃取—气相色谱＼质谱考察兰州市大气层中有机污染物

按照功能分区布点濡兰州市选择火车站,盘旋路,中山桥,化物所六楼楼顶,西固街区,兰炼厂区,雁滩乡和兰山山顶八个点采集大气气相有污染物样品,燕在２２．０ＭＰａ,８０℃用甲醇改性的ＣＯ２萃取,ＧＣ／ＭＳ进行定性定量分析,结果表明,最高含量在兰厂区处,最低为兰山山顶。同时发现雨天的污染情况明显低于晴天,而在一日中下午污染最严重,夜晚较低。     

Limitations of grazing rate equations: the case for time-series measurements

The limitations of traditional zooplankton grazing rate equations were analysed, and the relative advantages of taking time-series measurements or single end-point measurements of grazing rate examined. For zooplankters with variable feeding rates, the time-series approach is the only acceptable method. Use of end-point measurements to calculate feeding rates results in significant error if clearance rate changes or feeding ceases during the experiment, i.e. when the grazing coefficient is not constant, as is assumed in the clearance rate equations. The use of timeseries measurements is particularly important above the critical concentration for saturated ingestion rate. The functional response plot of ingestion rate versus mean cell concentration is inappropriate statistically and should be modified to avoid compounding variables appearing on both axes of the plot.     

Estimating digestion time in gelatinous predators: a methodological comparison with the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita

In order to quantify the trophic impact of gelatinous predators, digestion time estimates are commonly applied to counts of prey in the guts. Three primary approaches are used, the Manual-feeding, Natural-feeding and Steady-state methods; these differ in methodology and their underlying assumptions. The criteria used to define the end-point of digestion, and the resolution at which digestion progress is observed, also vary across studies. To understand the impact of such differences, we estimate digestion times of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita fed adult females of the copepod Acartia tonsa using these various approaches. We find ~fourfold differences which can be attributed to bias towards the slowest rates of digestion by some end-point criteria, and overestimation from low observation resolution. Artificial manipulation and the degree to which swimming and feeding behaviour are natural may also influence estimates. We provide recommendations for those quantifying digestion times of Aurelia aurita medusae and gelatinous predators.     

Simplified method for the determination of acid-soluble sulfides in marine sediments

A simple, rapid method for the measurement of acid-soluble sulfides from marine sediments, in the range of 0 to 350 g sulfide, was developed. Using the mean of 4 replicates, the maximum sensitivity of the method is ±5.48 g. The method is based on iodometric back titration after the reaction of a standard iodine solution with the sulfide, which is precipitated on paper wicks as zinc, sulfide. The mean coefficient of variation, based on raw titration data, is 0.71% for aliquots from field samples, 0.41% for standards, and 0.21% for blanks. The method is used to compare zinc acetate-fixed subsamples, one group having been stored for 1 month in a refrigerator at 5°C and the other having been analyzed immediately after collection. No significant differences in sulfide content between subsamples, at the 95% confidence level, were noted.     

聚合氯化铝与有机高分子复合絮凝剂水解-聚合历程及结构形貌研究

对复合絮凝剂CPAC的水解-聚合历程进行研究,结果表明,相对于PAC而言,O/A比值愈高,复合速度愈快,体系pH值上升愈慢,复合体系对-OH的络合能力愈强.与PAC相比,CPAC的结构形貌产生了较大变化,CPAC的聚集体尺寸明显大于PAC.较大的聚集体尺寸表明它在水中能有较大的伸展空间,可以在相距较远的颗粒物之间进行架桥,较高的枝化度和较粗的分支可以增加它与颗粒物的碰撞机会.     

~(35)S标记法研究土壤中SO_4~(2-)的吸附-解吸行为

本文比较了~35S同位素标记法和两种常规化学分析、一种电化学分析法测定环境样品中SO_4~2-的优劣.用本法和BaCrO_4分光光度法研究土壤对SO_4~2-的吸附-解吸特征,表明两者测定结果接近,且所得规律一致.酸雨研究中,在样品数量多、SO_4~2-分析任务重且仪器、设备条件具备时,本法为便捷、准确、较理想的SO_4~2-测定技术.     

无机高分子絮凝剂聚合硅酸铝铁的研究

以ALCL3，FeCl3，Na2SiO3和盐酸为原料，采用NaOH作为碱化聚合剂，合成了具有不同碱化度（B），不同Al/Fe/Si摩尔比的铝铁硅共聚物（简称PAFSC），通过PH滴定法测定分析了铝、铁在其水解共聚合过程中PH值的变化，然后通过透射电镜和混凝实验对共聚物的晶形貌像和絮凝作用进行了研究，通过对模拟具有色悬浊水样的絮凝实验，并与现有的其它无机絮凝剂作比较后可以看出：在同样投加量情况下，PAFSC处理的水具有更低的剩余浊度和色度。     

四川酸性土壤石灰需求量方法的比较研究

四川盆地的部分土壤由于酸性氮肥的大量使用以及雨水的冲刷淋蚀作用而呈现越来越酸化的趋势。故有必要通过化学法确定土壤石灰需求量。该研究的目的是比较SMP—SB、SLP—DB在确定四川酸性土石灰需要量上的准确度。并提出一种全新的确定土壤石灰需要量的方法，即滴定法。在四川盆地8处采样点采集的土壤分别用这3种方法确定石灰需要量。将土壤实际培养所得的石灰用量作为标准方法，再将上述3种方法的测定结果分别与标准法进行线形相关分析，得到与标准曲线之间的线形方程。结果发现3种方法与标准方法之间均成线性相关。在确定石灰需求量上都具有一定的准确度，但相对而言。文章提出的滴定法更准确。更适合确定四川土壤的石灰施用量。     

Approaching the binding between Cu(II) and aerobic granules by a modified titration and µ-XRF

Interactions between metals and activated sludge can substantially affect the fate and transport of heavy metals in wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple, fast and efficient method to elucidate the interaction. In this study, a modified titration method with a dynamic mode was developed to investigate the binding of Cu(II), a typical heavy metal, onto aerobic granules. The titration results indicated that pH and ionic strength both had a positive effect on the biosorption capacity of the granular sludge. The µ-XRF results demonstrated that the distribution of metals on the granular surface was heterogeneous, and Cu showed strong correlations and had the same “hot spots” positions with other metal ions (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe etc.). Ion exchange and complexing were the main mechanisms for the biosorption of Cu(II) by aerobic granules. These results would be beneficial for better understanding of Cu(II) migration and its fate in wastewater treatment plants.     

Surface characteristics of shales and implication on metal sorption

Differences in surface characteristics between alkaline and acidic shales are demonstrated in the present study. The alkaline shales are characterized by convex surface titration profiles, while the acidic shale exhibits a concave titration profile. Analysis of surface functional groups reveal that carboxylic acids predominate in alkaline shales and the acidic shale is characterized by C=S, C=N (pyridine derivative) and urea (C=O) functional groups, while it lacks –COOH group. The close proximity between pH and point of zero charge for the most acidic and alkaline shales indicate that surface complexation may not play a dominant role in sorption when the system pH is controlled by these sediments.     

Analysis of the toxicity of glyphosate and Faena® using the freshwater invertebrates Daphnia magna and Lecane quadridentata

With the present contribution an evaluation of the toxicity of the pure herbicide glyphosate and its commercial formulation Faena® is reported using the cladoceran Daphnia magna Strauss and the rotifer Lecane quadridentata Ehrenberg. LC₅₀, EC₅₀, NOEC, and LOEC values for each toxicant and for both test organisms are obtained. Regarding acute toxicity, Faena was 11-fold more toxic to L. quadridentata than pure glyphosate and slightly more toxic to D. magna (1.7-fold). Inhibition of esterase activity in L. quadridentata by glyphosate was the most sensitive end-point; the EC₅₀ was 1500-fold smaller than the LC₅₀. The implications of these results and their comparison with established international and national limit values for glyphosate are discussed.