野化培训大熊猫在特定时期采食半枯竹的原因分析

对首次发现的一只野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”采食半枯竹的现象及原因进行研究.作者用4只圈养大熊猫为对照进行试验,从行为观察、营养成分及适口因子、环境气候条件等方面进行了研究.研究发现,圈养大熊猫中也存在采食半枯竹的现象,而且在采食的时间段上和祥祥一致;相对于新鲜竹子,半枯竹中葡萄糖含量有所增加,单宁含量明显降低,并且具有特殊的香甜味,使在一定时期内的半枯竹营养增加,适口性得到改善,这是大熊猫在特定时期更愿意采食半枯竹而不采食新鲜竹子的重要原因;7~9月是全年温湿度最高月份,对引起半枯竹成分中适口因子的改变可能有诱发作用.图3表4参9     

圈养大熊猫母乳营养成分及其变化规律

收集并分析了5只大熊猫产后d 1～ 180的94个母乳样品的干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),乳糖(Lac),乙醚浸出物(EE),粗灰分(CA), 17种氨基酸(AA)和14种矿物元素的含量.结果表明,大熊猫母乳中DM、 CP和EE分别为13.66%～34.97%, 6.29%～7.92%和4.92%～14.09%,而且都随泌乳日期的延长而升高. Lac的含量为1.2% ～ 0.3875%,且随泌乳日期的延长而降低. CA的含量在1%左右(平均为1.04%).根据乳汁中CP、 Lac、无氮浸出物和EE的含量,计算出母乳中总能的含量为3.56～10.19 kJ/kg.绝大多数AA含量随大熊猫母兽泌乳日期的延长而升高,而矿物元素的含量没有明显的变化趋势.结果显示,大熊猫母乳中的营养成分含量在产后的不同阶段有显著差异(P<0.01),而且其含量和变化趋势与常见动物乳及人乳有不同程度的差异.     

野生大熊猫与放牧家畜利用生境的特征比较

为了探讨放牧家畜影响野生大熊猫及其栖息地、主食竹资源的内在驱动因素,以便为大熊猫国家公园建设和管理提供依据。根据大熊猫国家公园卧龙片区野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的随机样地调查资料,从植物群落结构和物种组成方面,分析了它们利用生境的异同。结果表明：从植物群落特征来看,乔木层物种丰度、灌木层盖度、主食竹的种群特征(盖度、密度、地径和株高)等指标,野生大熊猫与放牧家畜之间具有显著性或极显著性差异,野生大熊猫利用生境的乔木层物种丰度17.38株,灌木层盖度75.31%,主食竹的盖度为56.32%、种群密度48.87 culms·m^-2、地径6.03 mm和株高143.48 cm,放牧家畜利用生境的乔木层物种丰度29株,灌木层盖度93.20%,主食竹的盖度为89.20%、种群密度66.54 culms·m^-2、地径3.82 mm和株高59.68 cm,而其余指标没有明显的统计学意义。就木本植物的物种组成特征而言,大熊猫利用生境的乔木层和灌木层的科属种数量都多于放牧家畜生境,前者为乔木层17科25属41种、灌木层29科49属91种,后者乔木层9科10属14种、...     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量的影响

采用固定样方法和定位观察法连续测定了2003～2007年间卧龙自然保护区大熊猫野化培训圈内及其附近区域的拐棍竹无性系种群数量和生长发育特性等参数,运用收获法与非破坏性重量估测法建立了不同龄级和残桩的竹子种群和分株生物量估测模型,进而利用最佳模型计算并评估了野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量和植株个体生物量的影响.结果表明:在环境条件、种群密度、生长发育特征和种群生物量等基本相似的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐不仅降低实验期间的竹子生物生产力,而且影响到后期阶段实验种群的恢复与发展.大熊猫采食样方中的竹子种群生物量虽然较对照样方低,就竹笋生物量而言,约为对照的57.79%,这与野化培训圈的面积较小、竹种单一而使采食比重(67.07%)较大有关,但其各龄级植株个体生物量均能达到大熊猫的取食利用标准(仅2004年生竹除外),具有持续供给大熊猫食物资源的潜力;而人为砍伐措施与大熊猫采食相比,影响效果极为强烈,它严重降低了拐棍竹无性系的种群生物量,尤其是竹笋重量更是如此,仅为对照样方的14.69%,且植株个体鲜重远低于大熊猫的觅食条件.因此,竹笋和无性系植株的生物量是大熊猫采食标准的主要因素.     

基于GIS的卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境选择与利用

在ArcGIS 10.2的支持下,分析卧龙自然保护区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)在地形因子(海拔、坡度和坡向)和生物因子(植被、竹林类型)上的生境选择(动物利用某种生境类型面积占其家域的比例)与利用(动物家域内某生境类型面积与保护区的这一类型面积的比例)特征进行了定量研究。结果表明,(1)地形因子:卧龙大熊猫在生境选择过程中,生境利用率较高的海拔区间为1 5 00~3 000 m,平均利用率达到了55.93%,而生境选择的主要海拔区间为2 000~3 500 m,占空间利用面积的89.64%;大熊猫生境利用在坡度上相对均匀,而生境选择的主要坡度区间为20°~50°,占空间利用面积的85.56%;生境利用率最高的坡向区间为270°~315°,占比达到了31.88%。(2)生物因子:大熊猫生境利用率较高的植被类型区域为亚高山针叶林与常绿落叶阔叶林,利用率分别为51.04%和70.20%;而生境选择的主要植被类型区域为针叶林与针阔混交林,占空间利用面积的90.23%;生境利用率最高的竹林类型区域为冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)林,利用率达到了51.63%,而生境选择的主要竹林类型为拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)和冷箭竹,二者占空间利用面积的95.20%。研究结果揭示了在不同地形和生物因子分异区间(类型)大熊猫的生境面积分布和空间利用模式特征,丰富了大熊猫生境选择与利用特征的研究手段。     

中国动物园圈养丹顶鹤的数量和分布格局

通过电话咨询、实地调查和网络检索的方法调查了141个城市动物园、园中园和野生动物园的丹顶鹤圈养情况,以明确我国动物园圈养丹顶鹤的种群数量和分布格局。结果表明,141个动物园中,83个(58.9%)动物园有数量不等的圈养丹顶鹤(1~175只),总数达到917只;其中城市动物园319只,园中园82只,野生动物园516只。不同地区的不同动物园圈养丹顶鹤分布有明显差异。单因素方差分析表明野生动物园丹顶鹤数量显著大于园中园(P0.05)。圈养丹顶鹤最多的3个省级行政区分别为辽宁省、广东省和黑龙江省;圈养丹顶鹤数量最多的前10个省级行政区共圈养丹顶鹤719只,占中国动物园圈养丹顶鹤总数的78.4%。圈养丹顶鹤最多的3个地理区域分别为东北地区、华东地区和华北地区,占我国动物园圈养丹顶鹤总数的74.3%。     

常熟市食物氮足迹的量化及其影响因素研究

随着人口增长、经济发展和居民生活水平的逐渐提高,食物消费结构发生转变,食物源氮消费产生的环境问题不容忽视。以长江三角洲典型县级市常熟市为例,运用实地调研和N-calculator模型相结合的方法计算2000—2016年食物氮足迹及其影响因素。结果表明,2010—2016年常熟市县城居民人均氮足迹为14.68～20.00 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1),均值为(17.51±1.53) kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1);常熟市农村居民人均食物氮足迹为17.58～24.87 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1),均值为(20.49±2.55) kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1)。县城居民食物氮足迹以动物源食物氮足迹为主(≥66.42%);农村居民食物氮足迹由2000年以植物源为主(51.90%)转变为2016年以动物源为主(62.40%)。2016年常熟市食物消费氮代价为7.64 kg·kg~(-1),比2000年下降24.65%,低于国家食物消费氮代价(9.90 kg·kg~(-1)),高于北京市水平(2.50 kg·kg~(-1))。食物消费结构、人均GDP、人均可支配收入和城镇化率是影响食物氮足迹的主要因素。该研究可为城市的可持续发展和生态环境改善提供依据。     

大金山岛常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林中小型土壤动物群落特征

于2017年秋季(10月)和冬季(12月)及2018年春季(3月)和夏季(6月)分别对大金山岛8个植物群落中小型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获5门14纲23个类群土壤动物8 506只,优势类群分别为线虫纲(66.06%)、蜱螨亚纲(17.95%)和弹尾纲(11.15%),其余为稀有类群(4.84%)。常绿阔叶林中小型土壤动物4季平均密度和类群数均高于落叶阔叶林,且2种林型间类群数差异显著(P0.05),而这2种植被类型夏季中小型土壤动物密度均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);常绿阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物类群数显著高于春、冬2季(P0.05),而落叶阔叶林表现为秋季显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。在垂直分布上,2种植被类型中小型土壤动物密度均表现出明显的表聚型,其0～5 cm土层密度分别占0～20 cm土层总密度的68.68%和66.94%。常绿阔叶林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于落叶阔叶林,且常绿阔叶林秋季这2个指数均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);落叶阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物Margalef丰富度指数显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。由Pearson相关性分析可知,中小型土壤动物总密度以及线虫纲、蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲密度均与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相关。     

四川喇叭河自然保护区大熊猫及其伴生动物种群分布变化

通过样线与样方法,分别于2010年4月15日至6月18日、2010年10月12日至11月18日以及2011年5月6日至6月16日对四川喇叭河自然保护区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)及其伴生动物进行调查,结果表明:(1)该地区大熊猫常活动于坡度45°、郁闭度0.4的温性针阔混交林和温性针叶林中,活动区域海拔范围为1 885~2 821 m,主要食物为冷箭竹。(2)调查期间大熊猫主要分布在鹿子沟—长河坝、黑悬沟、小两河口(左)和关房沟4个区域,其中黑悬沟痕迹点最多,小两河口(左)区域遇见率最高,同时大熊猫痕迹点和遇见率随时间变化呈升高趋势。(3)保护区内大熊猫主要伴生动物有15种,其中水鹿、羚牛、藏酋猴和林麝为最主要伴生动物,数量较多,分布较广;其中有9种动物位点数呈下降趋势,羚牛下降最明显;水鹿、斑羚、毛冠鹿、小熊猫和苏门羚5种动物位点数则呈上升趋势,其中水鹿增长最明显;而黑熊位点数则有升有降,但整体变化稳定。该研究可为保护区更加有效地保护大熊猫及其伴生动物,以及为栖息地建设和保护区相关管理决策提供科学依据。     

固城湖围垦区池塘河蟹养殖环境影响及模式优化研究

为了解固城湖围垦区不同池塘的河蟹养殖环境效应并筛选出适宜的生态养殖模式,对河蟹养殖周期内不同养殖池塘的养殖情况和水环境进行跟踪研究,并构建模型估算养殖容量.结果表明,养殖周期内现有养殖模式的池塘和取水河道水质大多为GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》中的Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水,明显劣于固城湖水质(Ⅲ类水),其中最主要的污染因子为TN和TP;池塘的浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物的群落结构简单,优势种分别为隐藻、秀体溞及环棱螺,且浮游动物Margalef丰富度指数与河蟹养殖产出呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);基于现有养殖模式,河蟹的最大养殖容量为9855只hm-2.综合考虑养殖池塘环境、经济效益及养殖容量等因素,认为固城湖围垦区池塘河蟹的适宜生态养殖模式为:蟹苗投放密度(9000±750)只·hm-2;饵料系数0.47 ～0.53;水草覆盖度约70％(其中苦草40％,伊乐藻20％,轮叶黑藻10％);螺类投放量6 000 ～7500 kg·hm-2.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.