Genese des mitteleuropäischen Buntsandsteins

The continental Buntsandstein red beds represent the parastratigraphically subdivided germanotype facies of the Lower Triassic in Middle Europe. Fluvial deposits are widespread in proximal and medial parts of the sedimentation area. Additionally, aeolian dune sands, alluvial-fan deposits, mud-flow sediments, palaeosols, lacustrine, deltaic, tidal, lagoonal, brackish, marine and evaporitic deposits are present. Numerous isolated occurrences and several concentrations of faunal and floral elements in the generally poorly fossiliferous sequence reflect a diversified and partially rich biosphere of the Buntsandstein. Evolution and zoning testify the control of tectonics on depositional history. The depositional history leads from the end of the saline Zechstein period via predominantly silty-clayey and oolitic shallow-water sediments to a mainly fluvial series which is characterized by the intercalation of aeolian dune sands in its upper part, before by another fluvial sequence in the marginal areas and precipitation of thick halite layers in the basin centre the marine terminal stage is reached which passes into the carbonate Muschelkalk succession.     

层控矿床的成岩成矿

本文从成岩分异,成岩交代,自生、脱水、泄水、压实、挤压、扩散和胶结作用等方面,论述层控矿床的成岩成矿作用。     

Uran-Prospektion in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Two deposits that can be considered economically minable have been found during the last twenty years of prospecting for uranium in the Federal Republic of Germany. These deposits, Menzenschwand and Müllenbach, are situated in the northern and southern Black Forest, respectively. In addition, favorable indications have been found in Paleozoic granites of northeastern Bavaria, of the Black Forest, and Odenwald, as well as in Permian and Triassic sediments of Rheinland-Palatinate, Franconia, and Württemberg. The uranium resources that can be expected from all these deposits are insufficient to meet the domestic demand.     

海洋油气田沉积物产甲烷活性及微生物生态

海洋产甲烷古菌是与海洋中甲烷的产生、释放及天然气水合物的形成等密切相关的微生物类群.以产甲烷菌可能利用的底物为碳源,评价了海洋油气田沉积物的产甲烷活性.结果表明,海洋油气田沉积物对于H2/CO2、甲醇、一甲胺、三甲胺,在25℃和37℃两种温度条件下都具有较高的产甲烷活性,少数样品只在37℃对乙酸有产甲烷活性,说明在海洋油气田环境下,主要有氢营养型及甲基营养型发酵途径产生天然气甲烷.利用厌氧培养法对产甲烷菌进行了多样性解析,16S rRNA基因测序显示,优势产甲烷菌主要属于Methanosarcinales目的 Methanosarcinaceae科及Methanomicrobiales目的 Methanomicrobiaceae科,其中Methanococcoides、Methanogenium和Methanosarcina为油气田沉积物的主要菌属.     

南盘江流域(云南段)水系沉积物中重金属含量分布特征及其污染状况评价

为了查明南盘江流域(云南段)水系沉积物中重金属的含量分布特征和污染程度,系统采集了流域内水系沉积物25个,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析沉积物中重金属含量。利用地球化学方法和统计学方法,对该流域水系沉积物中重金属含量、空间分布特征与元素相关性等方面进行探讨和分析;采用富集因子、地累积指数和污染负荷指数等综合指标,评估南盘江流域水系沉积物的污染程度和厘定流域主要的重金属污染元素。结果表明,南盘江流域内普遍富集Cd,上游富集Cr和As,中游富集Pb和Sb,下游富集Sb。中游处泸江支流汇入,显著影响了南盘江干流沉积物中重金属分布。流域内有色金属硫化物矿床遍布、采冶工矿企业众多,金属硫化物的自然风化和矿业活动是该流域部分河段水系沉积物中重金属富集的主要来源。南盘江流域(云南段)存在一定程度的重金属污染,且不同河段重金属污染程度差异大,表现为中游上游下游。流域内主要污染贡献元素为Cd和As,Sb和Cr次之,Zn、Pb和Cu的污染程度较轻。     

卡林型金矿床的特征和成因

卡林型金矿床主要分布在北美大盆地地区科迪勒拉造山带、科罗拉多地台和我国扬子地块西南缘的板内古生代 -中生代沉降带和西北缘古生代 -中生代冒地槽。具有分布局限、成矿集中的特点 ,形成许多超大型矿床。金矿床成矿域发育一套大面积分布的巨厚的古 -中生代冒地槽建造 ,同成矿期的岩浆活动和构造活动强烈 ,有利于形成各种地热体系和流体活动。金矿床往往形成成矿带 ,单个金矿床的规模大小不一 ,矿化受构造、围岩和深部流体控制 ,围岩一般具有还原性质。围岩蚀变为去碳酸盐化、硅化、泥化、硫化物化和重晶石化等。金与砷黄铁矿、黄铁矿及毒砂紧密相关 ,以次显微金的形式存在。其他矿物为雄黄、雌黄、重晶石、辉锑矿、石英、方解石、含铊矿物以及表生矿物明矾石和黄钾铁矾等。成矿流体中水为大气降水 ,碳、硫主要来源于矿床围岩和以下岩石 ,少量可能来源于深部。矿床形成于浅 -中等深度。提出了大气降水热液、岩浆热液、变质热液和卤水成矿等卡林型金矿床形成模式 ,大气降水成因模式能较好解释金矿床的地质地球化学特征。     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

新疆乌恰地区中新生代盆地寻找热卤水成因的超大型铅锌矿床的地球化学证据

采用微量元素地球化学方法 ,系统研究了新疆乌恰中新生代沉积盆地的成矿地球化学背景、区域化探异常特征、成矿过程中元素的再分配特征等 ,认为“三色”岩层和富含Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu、Sr等成矿及伴生元素的基底是形成热卤水成因的大型—超大型铅锌矿床的物质前提。成矿过程中微量元素的再分配特征更进一步证实了本区存在大规模的热卤水活动。与金顶铅锌矿床对比 ,二者的基底都富含金属元素 ,矿石物质组分和成矿元素相同、水系沉积物异常的元素组合类似。这些特征是本区寻找热卤水成因的大型—超大型铅锌矿床的十分重要的地球化学证据。乌拉根铅锌矿床和新发现的铅锌矿化点 (带 )均有规模大、强度高的Pb、Zn、Sr组合异常与之对应 ,预示本区有良好的找矿前景     

Re-Os同位素体系在金属矿床研究中的应用

Re－Os法能够对金属硫化物矿物直接进行同位素定年，并可以根据矿物的Os同位素初始比值探讨成矿物质来源。它的研究对象还包括黑色页岩和洋底含金属沉积物等。普通Os法可以用于铂族元素矿物定年和成矿物源区的讨论。近年由常规Re－Os法衍生的Os－Os法有可能避免前者在定年技术方面的一些困难。Re-Os同位素体系为成矿年代学研究提供了广阔的前景。     

贵州草海沉积物纤维素氧同位素研究及其古环境意义

纤维素在湖泊沉积过程中不易发生分解,故其稳定同位素组成能真实地反映原始环境信息。本文在建立一套有效的四阶段(酸洗、碱洗、漂白及碱洗)湖泊沉积物纤维素提取基础上,成功测定了近500年草海沉积物纤维素氧同位素组成。草海纤维素氧同位素组成与董哥洞石笋恢复的降雨量的一致性变化表明纤维素氧同位素主要反映湖水氧同位素组成,进而指示了湖区降雨量变化。     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of lead, zinc, and nickel in sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Sediments in Lake Izabal, Guatemala, contain substantial lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). The lack of historical data for heavy metal concentrations in the sediments makes it difficult to determine the sources or evaluate whether inputs of metals to the lake have changed through time. We measured the relative abundances and concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni by X-Ray Fluorescence core scanning and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in three sediment cores to explore stratigraphic distributions of metals in the lake deposits. High amounts of Pb and Zn in the core taken near the Polochic Delta suggest that galena and sphalerite mining increased Pb and Zn delivery to Lake Izabal between ~1945 and 1965 CE. An up-core Ni increase in the core taken near a different mine on the north shore of Lake Izabal suggests that recent nickel mining operations led to an increase in Ni concentrations in the local sediments, but amounts in the other cores indicate that Ni is not widely distributed throughout the lake. Sediment cores from Lake Izabal are reliable recorders of heavy metal input to the lake, and were measured to establish background metal levels, which would otherwise be unavailable. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in older, pre-20th-century Lake Izabal sediments reflect input from natural erosion of bedrock. Our results provide previously unavailable estimates of background metal concentrations in Lake Izabal before the onset of mining. These results are necessary for future monitoring related to mining contamination of the lake ecosystem.     

渤海湾表层沉积物重金属在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体中的分布

采用超声分散法分离沉积物中不同粒级有机-矿质复合体,研究了渤海湾沉积物中Pb,Cd,Cr等重金属的污染及其在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体中的分布.结果表明,3种重金属含量总体上随着复合体粒径增大而减小.X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示,随着沉积物粒径的增大,主要来自原生矿物的石英和长石等岩石结构物质的含量增加,但这些物质中的重金属含量较低.渤海湾表层沉积物中重金属污染主要发生在以次生硅酸盐矿物及硅、铁、铝等氧化物或氢氧化物为主的细粒沉积物上,细粒样品由于其较大的比表面积和富含有机质的特性,通过吸附、沉淀、离子交换等,导致所含重金属含量较高.粘粒复合体中Pb含量是粗砂中的2.3倍,Cd是粗砂的3.8倍,而Cr是粗砂的2.8倍.      

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中氮形态的研究

氮是海洋初级生产力和食物链的基础,不同形态的氮具有不同的物理化学性质和生物可利用性。对长江口及邻近海域沉积物不同形态氮的含量及其影响因素的研究可以加深该区域氮生物地球化学循环过程的认识。本研究采用改进分级浸提方法测定了2014年8月长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（CF-N）、铁锰氧化态氮（IMOF-N）以及有机态和硫化物结合态氮（OSF-N）,描绘出研究海域表层沉积物中不同形态氮的分布特征及其影响因素。研究海域中,不同形态氮的分布由于受到不同因素的影响,含量分布和变化特征也有着相应的不同。其中陆源物质输入、沉积物的粒径大小以及海洋生物的丰度影响着IEF-N的分布;而CF-N分布与pH的变化密切相关;IMOF-N的含量受到沉积物氧化还原环境的直接影响;OSF-N则与沉积物来源有关。     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物磁性特征研究

通过系统的环境磁学测定,分析了兰州市城区河道表层沉积物的磁学性质及其对城市污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市城区河道表层沉积物样品磁性特征以亚铁磁性矿物的磁铁矿为主导,同时存在少量赤铁矿和针铁矿贡献.根据参数χFD、χARM、χFD/MS和χARM/MS所指示的人为活动排放物对不同河段沉积物的贡献量将兰州市河流分为3类:末端集中型(排洪沟、寺儿沟、鱼儿沟、水磨沟),源头集中型(七里河、烂泥沟),影响较小型(罗锅沟、大沙沟).与有机质测量结果比较发现,兰州市河道沉积物样品有机质含量与超顺磁颗粒及单畴晶粒具有十分显著的正相关关系,说明了细颗粒磁性矿物对有机碳的富集作用,显示了超顺磁颗粒及单畴颗粒含量作为兰州市城区河道表层沉积物有机质含量的代用指标具有良好的指示意义.     

四川西部黄土沉积与环境演变研究综述

四川西部(川西)地处青藏高原东部,黄土广泛分布于河谷和断陷盆地中.该地区黄土的主体属风成堆积,为附近及高原内部地区的冰川沉积、寒冻风化物、河湖沉积、风沙沉积和坡积物等多种沉积物中的细粒物质,在西风、高原冬季风和近地面风的搬运下堆积而成.局部有受坡面流水作用形成的次生黄土.最早的黄土堆积始于早更新世(1150ka),现主...     

铜陵石炭纪威宁期沉积相及与黄铁矿矿床的关系

铜陵地区石炭纪威宁期存在潮坪相,泻湖相和浅海陆棚相。白云岩有两种,准同生白云岩分布于潮坪,成岩白云岩分布于泻湖内,本区以成岩白云岩为主。白云岩中赋存了层位稳定的黄铁矿矿床,黄铁矿在泻湖相最易富集,成岩作用是黄铁矿矿床形成的一个重要因素。     

Significance of organic matter in Eocene turbidite sediments (SE Pyrenees,Spain)

Although turbidite deposits are classically considered to be good reservoir rocks for oil and gas, there are no reports concerning their source rock potential in the literature. The sediments from the Vallfogona Formation in the South-Eastern Pyrenees present numerous organic matter-rich levels interbedded in sandstones and coarse turbidite deposits. Two types of organic matter deposits were differentiated on the basis of organic geochemistry and petrography: type A and type B. Type A was deposited in a carbonate marine environment under hypersaline conditions as indicated mainly by even/odd n-alkane predominance, pristane and phytane ratio (Pr/Ph) < 1, presence of gammacerane, and trisnorneohopane over trisnorhopane ratio (Ts/Tm) > 1. Type B was deposited in a more mud-rich marine environment evidenced by the predominance of odd n-alkane, Pr/Ph ≥ 1, Ts/Tm < 1, the absence of gammacerane, similar concentrations of the C₂₇ and C₂₉ regular steranes, and the greater abundance of C₂₇ diasteranes. Turbidite facies can be regarded as an environment where organic matter sedimentation is heterogeneous in type and amount. This study suggests that turbidite deposits with interbedded organic matter-rich levels may act as a combined source–reservoir system.     

苏州澄湖湖底硬粘土地球化学特征及其成因意义

位于太湖平原的苏州澄湖,湖底十分平坦,主要由硬粘土组成。在湖底获得18.00m长的柱样,0～6.00m为长江三角洲东部平原区的第一硬粘土层。通过AMS14C测年、元素含量测定及物源判别函数DF、n(Na)/n(K)与CIA指数计算和A-CN-K三角模型图等分析,探讨了该硬粘土的成因及堆积后的后期改造作用。研究结果表明,该硬粘土形成于大约29～10kaB.P,为晚更新世晚期的风成堆积物。湖底硬粘土自堆积后至澄湖形成,长期暴露于地表,经历了强烈的风化成土作用,为中等风化强度。且3.50m上下段化学风化过程明显不同,3.50m以下硬粘土段为早期去Na、Ca阶段;3.50m以上硬粘土段已经进入中期去K阶段,经历了比前期更加强烈的化学风化和成土作用。反映了对全球气候变化及区域气候条件的响应。与典型风成堆积物相比,化学风化强度从洛川黄土→洛川古土壤、西峰红粘土→镇江下蜀土→澄湖SC6硬粘土→宣城风成红土依次增强。     

Distribution and accumulation of biogenic silica in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Sedimentary biogenic silica is known to be all important parameter to understand biogeochemical processes and paleoenviromental records in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Consequently, it is of great significance to investigate accumulation and distribution of biogenic silica in sediments. The two-step mild acid-mild alkaline extraction procedure was used to leach biogenic silica and its early diagenetic products in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that total biogenic silica(t-BSi)in the intertidal sediments varied from 237. 7-419. 4 μmol Si/g. while the mild acid leachable silica(Si-HCl)and the mild alkaline leachable silica(Si-Alk)were in the range of 25. 1-72. 9μmol Si/g and 208. 1-350. 4 μmol Si/g. respectively. Significant correlations were observed for the grain size distributions of sediments and different biogenic silica pools in intertidal sediments. This confirms that grain size distribution Can significantly affect biogenic silica contents in sediments. Close relationships of biogenic silica with organic carbon and nitrogen Were also found, reflecting that there is a strong coupling between biogenic silica and organic matter biogeochemical cycles in the intertidal system of the Yangtze Estuary. Additionally, the early diagenetic changes of biogenic silica in sediments are discussed in the present study.     

黑河金盘水库沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

西安市黑河金盘水库是西安市的重要供水水源地,为了解重金属污染状况,对黑河金盘水库沉积物中重金属Cd、Zn、Cr和Pb的污染特征和潜在生态风险进行了研究。用EDTA铵盐溶液单一提取法和BCR连续提取法分别研究了黑河金盘水库沉积物中Cd、Zn、Cr和Pb的生物有效性和形态分布特征。结果表明:黑河金盘水库沉积物中Cd和Cr含量分别为1.68±0.81 mg/kg和87.05±9.33 mg/kg,高于中国水库底泥重金属含量背景值。沉积物中Cd的单项潜在生态风险系数远大于其它重金属,高达100.8,具有较强的生态危害性;而其它三种重金属只显示出轻微的生态危害性,因此Cd是黑河金盘水库沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险的主要贡献者。沉积物中Pb主要以可还原态形式存在,Cd的赋存形态除残渣态外,主要以更易从沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体释放的水溶态、可交换态形式存在。各采样点沉积物中Zn和Cr的生物有效态含量与总量之比B/T值均小于5%,潜在环境效应微弱;而Pb的B/T值在50%~60%范围内,Cd的B/T值均大于10%,最高可达76.2%。上述数据表明沉积物中Pb和Cd的生物可利用性程度较高,具有较强的潜在环境危害性。