陇东高原全新世黄土古土壤沉积序列辐射环境研究

通过对泾河上游陇东高原两个全新世黄土古土壤沉积序列剂量率的分析,发现全新世剖面中剂量率值的变化分别受到了沉积粉尘物质组成的变化和易淋溶元素迁移的影响。前者对剂量率的影响非常微弱;后者的影响相对较大。同时剖面内部剂量率的绝对值变化较小。Fe/Al值的变化也表明了整个全新世黄土古土壤剖面中沉积粉尘的物质组成变化极小,指示了研究区域沉积物源在全新世近万年时间尺度内是相对较稳定的。     

Soil infertility in the Amazonian rain forest

Extensive mineral alteration in the older land surfaces of the eastern Amazonian lowland has led to complete impoverishment of the soils in respect of their inorganic nutrient contents. Large-scale use of this area for agricultural purposes seems impossible. In the western Amazonian lowland, younger land surfaces (Pliocene) have developed along with Pleistocene flood plains. The mineral alteration in the soil profiles of this area, which are partly characterized by poor drainage, has resulted in impoverishment of soils to a lesser degree. These soils can be used to a limited extent for agricultural purposes, especially at the level of a subsistence economy.     

Mushroom harvesting ants in the tropical rain forest

Ants belong to the most important groups of arthropods, inhabiting and commonly dominating most terrestrial habitats, especially tropical rainforests. Their highly collective behavior enables exploitation of various resources and is viewed as a key factor for their evolutionary success. Accordingly, a great variety of life strategies evolved in this group of arthropods, including seed harvesters, gardeners, and planters, fungus growers, nomadic hunters, life stock keepers, and slave makers. This study reports the discovery of a new lifestyle in ants. In a Southeast Asian rainforest habitat, Euprenolepis procera is specialized in harvesting a broad spectrum of naturally growing mushrooms, a nutritionally challenging and spatiotemporally unpredictable food source. While unfavorable to the vast majority of animals, E. procera has developed exceptional adaptations such as a shift to a fully nomadic lifestyle and special food processing capabilities, which allow it to rely entirely on mushrooms. As a consequence, E. procera is the most efficient and predominant consumer of epigeic mushrooms in the studied habitat and this has broad implications for the tropical rainforest ecosystem.     

中国亚热带地区2000-2014年林火排放颗粒物时空动态变化

林火是森林生态系统重要干扰因子并对大气环境和人类健康有显著影响.该研究基于2000-2014年中国亚热带地区卫星火点数据,结合林业统计年鉴,估算各区域林火燃烧生物量,运用排放因子法,估算15年间中国亚热带地区林火排放颗粒物总量.研究结果表明,亚热带地区林火存在季节性差异,福建、广东、广西、湖南和江西林火主要集中在春、秋两季;贵州和云南林火主要集中在春季;浙江林火集中在春、夏两季.亚热带地区森林可燃物总燃烧量为333.92 Mt,污染物PM_2.5、OC、EC和TC总量分别为：698.33、338.18、40.04和378.22 kt,此外,各污染物排放在时间和空间上不均衡,各污染物排放量多集中在云南南部和东南部,湖南、贵州和广东交汇处,广东东南部和福建中部等区域;PM_2.5、OC、EC和TC在浙江、云南、贵州、湖南和江西呈显著增长趋势.林火释放PM_2.5与工业粉尘的排放比变化趋势总体呈上升趋势,说明森林火灾导致的颗粒物排放对大气环境影响力呈逐年增长趋势.该文通过对中国亚热带地区林火释放污染物的时空变化研究,为深入揭示林火对区域环境的影响提供数据支持.     

Local to global perspectives on forest and land fires in Southeast Asia

Forest and land fires are not new to the landscapes of Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, strikingly different perspectives persist about the significance of fires in the tropics to environmental changes and human well-being and consequently how they should be managed. Our synthesis of papers in this special issue suggests both trade-offs and complementarities in various policy responses with differing objectives. There are, however, at least three domains with high potential of meeting multiple objectives. First, is through identification, and improved management, of ecosystems vulnerable to fire under current and future climate. Agriculture, forestry and human settlements on peat land areas in Indonesia are candidates for such a focus. Second, is through building adaptive capacities to manage fire and related land and water resources. Investments in capacity at multiple levels are needed, but particularly at fairly local levels where stakeholders have strong incentives to manage fires appropriate to local contexts. Third, is through building awareness that fire management does not universally equate to fire suppression. Severe smoke haze episodes, for example, are also a result of timing of fires, and some fire-adapted ecosystems may depend on fire to persist. Finally, we emphasize that effective fire management is unlikely to be realized without greater engagement by research and policy with stakeholders in thoroughly exploring the full range of land and fire management options. Negotiation, compensation and trade-offs are probably inevitable.     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand

Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO₂, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less.     

汉江上游罗家滩剖面晚更新世以来沉积物粒度端元分析

通过对汉江上游旬阳段开展野外考察,在罗家滩(LJT)发现夹有古洪水滞流沉积层(slackwater deposits,SWD)的风成黄土-古土壤剖面。对采集的沉积学样品进行粒度分析,利用Gen.Weibull函数分布的参数化端元模型反演得出4个端元,结合吸湿水等环境替代指标分析,探讨了各个端元所指示的不同沉积动力环境和物质来源。结果表明:在黄土层和土壤层中,EM1代表的主要是沉积物沉积后在亚洲夏季风影响下,经历强烈风化成壤作用形成的次生黏土矿物组分;EM2代表高空西风和东亚冬季风翻越秦岭而搬运的远源细粉砂组分;EM3代表山谷风从河谷中分布的河流沉积物和坡积碎屑物中以低空短距离形式搬运而来的粉尘物质,并且受到后期气候变化控制下的淋溶作用影响;EM4则代表山谷风从近源的河流沉积物和坡积碎屑物中搬运而来的粗颗粒物质。在古洪水SWD层中,EM1、EM2和EM3主要来源于汉江上游暴雨洪水侵蚀搬运的河谷两岸分布的表层沉积物;而EM4则明确代表河流特大/大洪水环境下搬运沉积的粗颗粒悬移质泥沙。该成果能够为区域环境变化研究提供指导和借鉴。     

梵净山世界自然遗产地全新世以来的古气候变化

全新世是距离人类最近的间冰期,其气候变化受到广大学者的关注。中国东亚季风区全新世以来的气候变化对于揭示全球气候变化的驱动机制、预测未来气候变化具有重要意义。本研究通过对地处西南季风与东南季风过渡区的贵州梵净山世界自然遗产地九龙池湿地冰蚀湖相沉积JL15柱芯样品剖面孢粉、烧失量、碳氮含量的分析,结合加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年结果,建立了该地区全新世以来的古环境演变序列。结果表明,梵净山地区全新世以来经历了冷干期、过渡期、暖湿期、暖干期和冷干期5个阶段,其中第Ⅲ阶段(8. 0～4. 6 cal ka BP)可能为全新世大暖期的鼎盛期。总体而言,全新世早中期由干冷转为暖湿,后期气候逐渐转为寒冷干燥,但存在变暖的趋势。JL15柱芯共记录了全新世以来5次较明显的降温事件:2. 6、3. 4、4. 2、9. 4和10. 0 cal ka BP,其中与北大西洋浮冰碎屑(IRD)事件有联系的是4. 2和9. 4 ka事件。与西南地区其他气候记录相似,梵净山JL15柱芯所反映的冷事件与IRD事件存在一定联系,但也存在差异性,这可能与全球气候变化驱动机制的复杂性有关,需要后续研究的进一步探讨。     

贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的酸雨淋溶特征及缓冲作用

在贵州龙里地区开展酸雨模拟实验,并进行天然降雨连续监测,采集马尾松、灌丛冠层穿透雨,结果表明:①研究区降雨中主要阳离子浓度依次为NH4+Ca2+K+Na+Mg2+,降雨pH值大于6.0时,降雨中NH4+含量降低,Ca2+占优势;降雨中主要阴离子浓度依次为SO42-NO3-Cl-;冠层穿透雨与降雨相比,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和有机酸富集,特别是K+、Ca2+、SO42-和有机酸富集倍数最大.②森林冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用体现在酸雨中H+与树叶组织中的盐基阳离子发生交换反应,淋出K+、Mg2+、Ca2+等阳离子,减少了酸雨中H+含量.Na+相对惰性,在降雨和穿透雨中的含量变化不大;K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的淋出是冠层缓冲降雨酸度的主要原因,其中K+和Ca2+作用最突出,其次是Mg2+.③贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的缓冲作用随降雨pH值而变化.对pH值接近3.0的强酸性降雨,经过冠层形成的穿透雨pH值大于降雨,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为马尾松林针阔混交林灌丛;对4.0pH6.0的降雨,马尾松林冠层使降雨更加酸化,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为针阔混交林灌丛马尾松林;对pH值大于6.0的非酸性降雨,经过冠层后被酸化,穿透雨pH值小于降雨;穿透雨pH值基本在4.0～6.0范围内.     

中国中南部典型酸雨区森林土壤酸化现状分析

对重庆铁山坪(TSP)、湖南蔡家塘(CJT)、广东流溪河(LXH)和贵州雷公山(LGS)4个观测站土壤样品的研究结果表明,4个观测站均属于土壤严重酸化区,酸化强弱顺序为TSP>CJT>LXH>LGS,阳离子交换量(CEC)和盐基饱和度(BS)均随土层加深而降低,而吸附态SO42-量和铝离子饱和度(AlS)均随土层加深而升高.4个观测站的BS与AlS呈负相关性,说明Al3+对盐基离子有较强的置换能力.     

中国中南部典型酸雨区森林土壤酸化现状分析

对重庆铁山坪(TSP)、湖南蔡家塘(CJT)、广东流溪河(LXH)和贵州雷公山(LGS)4个观测站土壤样品的研究结果表明,4个观测站均属于土壤严重酸化区,酸化强弱顺序为TSP>CJT>LXH>LGS,阳离子交换量(CEC)和盐基饱和度(BS)均随土层加深而降低,而吸附态SO42-量和铝离子饱和度(AlS)均随土层加深而升高.4个观测站的BS与AlS呈负相关性,说明Al3+对盐基离子有较强的置换能力.     

贵州地区酸雨作用下典型森林植被冠层淋溶规律研究

选择贵州龙里生态园为研究区域,对当地马尾松林和针阔混交林2种典型植被的冠层穿透水化学特征进行了比较,分析了酸雨作用下植被的冠层淋溶规律.对2007年6月～2008年11月的监测数据的分析结果表明,酸雨经过森林冠层后,pH值明显升高,针阔混交林对酸雨的缓冲性能优于马尾松林.在常年酸沉降作用下,2种冠层对NH4+具有较强的吸收作用,对NO3-也有一定的吸收,对当地土壤酸化起到了一定的缓冲作用.通过雨量加权计算,研究区森林冠层析出量最大是Mg2+、K+、Ca2+等营养元素离子,长期的酸雨影响易造成森林营养亏损.     

模拟酸雨对北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

于2009年3月～2010年1月在南京市郊龙王山北亚热带天然次生林进行模拟酸雨试验,以便携式土壤CO2通量观测仪对不同酸雨强度处理下的林地土壤呼吸速率进行原位测定,研究酸雨对森林土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在本试验阶段,4个酸雨强度处理CK(pH值6.4,去离子水)、T1(pH值4.5)、T2(pH值3.5)、T3(pH值2.5)的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(3.20±0.21)、(3.34±0.30)、(3.51±0.06)、(2.99± 0.23)μmol/(m2·s),酸雨各处理的土壤呼吸季节变化规律显著.由于森林植被生长期季节变化明显,将其分为非生长季1(2~4月)、生长季(5~10月)、非生长季2(11月~次年1月)3个阶段.配对t检验分析各阶段土壤呼吸速率的结果表明,在非生长季1,模拟酸雨未抑制土壤呼吸作用,T1和T2酸雨处理反而促进了土壤呼吸作用;在生长季,高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用;在非生长季2,也出现了模拟酸雨促进土壤呼吸作用的现象;对于整个观测阶段而言,低强度模拟酸雨处理未显著改变北亚热带天然次生林的土壤呼吸,仅高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用.不同酸雨强度处理下的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的指数回归关系均达显著水平(P<0.01),CK、T1、T2、T3处理的Q10值分别为3.04,2.73,2.83,2.51,模拟酸雨处理降低了北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.     

崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的动态变化

在８０年代末期的鸟类及其生境调查研究基础上，正式提出拟建的上海市崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区，５年来随着滩涂的游涨及９０年代初期人工围垦的影响，滩涂自然植被和鸟类的种类，数量，分布也随之有了相应的相应的动态变化。该文在新的调查资料基础上，对崇明东滩鸟类赖以生存地自然植被恢复，候鸟食料的容量分析等作了研究；同时，还论述了崇明候鸟自然保护区的界线范围及其动态变化，以及保护区内部３个功能小区的动态等。     

青藏高原中晚全新世人类活动的孢粉记录

利用孢粉记录追踪过去人类活动历史及其环境效应的研究较少。本文选取青藏高原28处地层化石孢粉序列,采用直接提取和集成方法获得568条具有年代的伴人孢粉（禾本科、石竹科、杨属、十字花科、委陵菜属、车前属、紫菀属、藜科、狼毒属）数据,经标准化处理后建立高原4个分区的人类活动指数。同时结合本区已有研究资料,探讨了中晚全新世以来的人类活动历史。研究表明：（1）Ⅰ区东北区,6.0~5.3 ka B.P.早期人类已开始活动,但低水平的生产方式对植被影响较弱;5.3~4.5 ka B.P.人类活动得到扩展,环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.人类活动强度明显增强,加剧了对植被的破坏;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.随着人类活动的进一步加强,导致过度放牧、森林面积减少及风沙活动增强。（2）Ⅱ区东南区,5.0 ka B.P.左右人类活动的环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.植被受人为干扰显著;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动扩张至高海拔地区,对植被影响范围随之扩大;（3）Ⅲ区西南区,5.7~4.5 ka B.P.农业生产活动开始且得到发展,环境效应逐渐凸出;4.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动进一步增强,对植被影响亦进一步加剧;（4）Ⅳ区西北无人区,受资料所限并未充分讨论,但已有研究表明,全新世早中期本区已有人类进行狩猎采集活动。     

海南岛热带山地雨林林隙体系和阶段更新

林隙是热带林生态系统中许多树种的重要更新生态位。本文运用精确的林隙构图调查方法分析海南岛热带山地雨林中林隙干扰体系、林隙阶段更新、树木物种多样性与林隙的关系。海南岛热带山地雨林中多数林隙由2~3个林隙形成木创造,林隙形成木主要来源于强风过后的折干和根拔。林隙周边树木成为林隙形成木的概率高于郁闭林中的冠层树木。扩展林隙和冠层林隙的平均面积分别为257和113 m2,最大面积分别为540和353 m2,最小面积分别为101和26 m2。林隙面积显著影响幼苗和幼树的物种丰富度和密度,但大树没有影响。物种丰富度和香农-维纳多样性指数随林隙面积增加而提高,然而林隙中每平方米的物种数量和单位个体的树种数量随林隙面积的增加而下降。图3表2参44     

长江、黄河流域全新世古洪水事件对比研究

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