顶盖驱动流胁迫浅水湖泊沉积物释放溶解性有机磷的水槽实验

为模拟自然生境下风生流对浅水湖泊沉积物的扰动并研究沉积物释放溶解性有机磷的特征,选取了某浅水湖泊沉积物为研究对象,对其人工污染溶解性有机磷,利用室内循环直流水槽的顶盖驱动流模拟湖泊风生流,考察静态和模拟风生流条件下,沉积物中溶解性有机磷释放特征。实验结果表明,静态条件下,沉积物中溶解性有机磷在实验初始释放量较大,0~10 h内释放浓度由0 mg·L~(-1)达到0.12 mg·L~(-1),其后释放量缓慢增加,在152 h达到最大释放浓度0.35 mg·L~(-1)后保持动态平衡。相对静态条件,模拟风生流作用下沉积物中溶解性有机磷释放速率明显增大,驱动流速为20 cm·s-1和38 cm·s-1的实验在起始时间段内,有机磷释放量是静态的2倍和3倍,释放达到平衡所需时间约是静态的1/10和1/24。但静态和动态条件下沉积物溶解性有机磷最终的释放平衡浓度相差不大,三者上覆水释放平衡浓度分别为:0.350、0.350和0.375 mg·L~(-1)。暗示顶盖驱动流促进沉积物溶解性有机磷释放速率增大,并不能显著增加释放总量。动态实验条件下,不同驱动流速时,黏性层和紊流的上覆水中溶解性有机磷浓度变化不同。0~5 h实验期间,黏性层溶解性有机磷浓度与近底流速呈正相关性,中层紊流区域的浓度则与近底流速呈负相关性。     

一维饱和多孔介质中胡敏酸的运移研究

研究了胡敏酸在不同多孔介质中的运移特征.结果表明:(1)CXTFIT.2.1软件对多孔介质中胡敏酸运移的拟合效果随多孔介质不同而有较大的差异,其对石英砂和河沙中胡敏酸的运移过程拟合较好,对3种土壤(风沙土、黄绵土和黑垆土)中胡敏酸的运移过程拟合较差.(2)胡敏酸溶液在多孔介质中的运移行为与不同多孔介质有关,在石英砂和河沙中运移迅速,而在土壤中运移缓慢;胡敏酸的快速运移对应较低的阻滞因子和吸附系数,而缓慢运移对应较高的阻滞因子和吸附系数.对于石英砂和河沙,胡敏酸的运移在石英砂中较快,在河沙中较慢;对于3种土壤(风沙土、黄绵土和黑垆土),胡敏酸在风沙土中运移最快,在黑垆土中运移最慢.     

基于活性炭的多孔介质水动力弥散系数测定

溶质在多孔介质运移过程中,水动力弥散系数不仅反映多孔介质的介质特性,同时也是描述溶质浓度随时空变化规律的重要参数。以颗粒状活性炭为研究对象,建立了水动力条件下的对流弥散方程进行溶质运移过程描述,并采用土柱扩散实验对其水动力弥散系数进行了测定。结果表明,借用反函数变化思路,可快速准确测定多孔介质的水动力弥散系数D;同时,变流速条件下D不为常量,且分子扩散的影响可忽略,其与渗流速度v之间满足D=9.328v1.796函数关系。由此建立的数学模型求解和D-v函数关系可为描述溶质在多孔介质中运移规律的研究提供一定的参考。     

桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料表面的磷动态解吸过程研究

以饱和吸附磷后的桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料(PBGC-Fe/C)为解吸对象,选择解吸液种类、解吸液浓度、流速和温度为影响因素开展动态解吸实验研究。结果表明:NaOH溶液为适宜的解吸液;0.10mol/L NaOH的动态解吸率可达85.39%;增大流速可缩短解吸时间,但过高的流速易导致流出液体积增加而带来二次污染风险;温度对解吸过程有轻微影响。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征分析可知,PBGC-Fe/C表面的含氧官能团在解吸过程中至关重要,解吸过程主要由静电斥力作用以及表面配位协同完成。     

温度对正渗透工艺性能的影响

正渗透技术是一种以渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜分离工艺。温度是影响正渗透过程的关键因素。为考察温度在工艺运行中的重要作用,研究了温度对正渗透膜特性及工艺性能的影响,探讨通量衰减机制。结果表明,温度影响汲取液动态稀释、浓差极化和膜污染等的效应程度,进而影响正渗透性能。高温能够明显增加水通量和回收率,且汲取液温度影响比原料液显著。因此,合理优化温度条件是降低能耗提高正渗透性能的有效途径。     

地下水环境中甲基叔丁基醚运移过程的动力学模型

建立了地下水环境中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)运移过程的变系数动力学模型,并对模型进行了验证和参数灵敏度分析.模拟结果表明,地下水流速和阻滞系数对于MTBE的运移过程影响最为显著,而水动力弥散系数的影响较小,忽略其变化不会对预测地下水环境中污染物运移的环境动力学行为造成太大误差.由此得到的结论可定量研究MTBE在地下水环境中的对流.扩散特征,还可为MTBE污染地下水的预测预报、修复治理等研究提供科学依据.     

湖泊底泥磷释放及磷形态变化

为研究底泥中内源性磷释放对城市景观水体富营养化的影响,以西安市曲江南湖为对象,采用底泥磷形态标准测试方法(SMT)分析了磷的赋存形态,通过模拟实验探究了在不同环境条件(温度、pH和溶解氧)下磷形态变化的特征。结果表明:温度升高促进内源磷的释放,在夏季加剧水体富营养化程度;碱性条件有利于磷的释放,增大补给水源可减少底泥释磷量;厌氧环境下底泥释磷量是好氧时的3.96倍;Al-P和Ca-P较稳定,在酸性条件下会加速其溶解;NH+4-P、Fe-P和OrgP受溶解氧、pH和温度影响较大,其吸附与释放能力有明显的差异。     

防渗帷幕对污染物阻滞的数值模拟

基于地下水的渗透、弥散及源汇作用,不考虑污染物的生物降解及化学反应作用,分析研究了防渗帷幕对污染物的阻滞作用。用GMS建立了地下水渗流和污染物迁移三维耦合模型,采用数值分析方法,分析污染物在地下水中的迁移特征,研究防渗帷幕对污染物迁移的阻滞效应,比较研究了防渗帷幕渗透系数对污染物阻滞作用的影响。结果表明,在防渗帷幕厚度为0.5 m,渗透系数为0.01 m/d的情况下,污染物的衰减率为88.75%,渗透系数为0.001 m/d时,衰减率为94%。     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

北运河表层沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附

首先分析了北运河6个采样点表层沉积物中重金属含量及相关基本特征。通过实验室模拟实验,利用分配系数Kd评价沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附特性,进一步考察了水体pH变化和有机质对重金属在北运河沉积物上吸附的影响。结果表明,沉积物中重金属的含量顺序为Zn>Cu>Pb,去除有机质后,沉积物对重金属的吸附能力显著降低,但各采样点中的重金属含量,沉积物对重金属吸附能力,以及沉积物中的有机质含量并没有明显相关性,这可能是因为不同采样点中有机质种类与结构不同导致的。总之,北运河沉积物对Pb有很强的吸附能力,其次是Cu和Zn,而且,Cu、Zn、Pb的吸附量随着pH的升高逐渐增大,水体pH值对于Zn的吸附影响更大。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.