两种硫酸盐对花溪河天然有机物混凝的影响研究

以Al_2(SO_4)_3和FeSO_4为混凝剂,探讨了在不同混凝条件下对贵阳市花溪河中天然有机物的去除影响。通过改变混凝剂投加量、pH和水力条件对去除效果进行分析。混凝剂投加量为2~18 mg/L时,Al_2(SO_4)_3对天然有机物的去除率高于FeSO_4;分别投加8 mg/L Al_2(SO_4)_3和11 mg/L FeSO_4,均达到最佳去除效果。Al_2(SO_4)_3作为混凝剂时,最佳pH为5.0~8.0;Fe_SO_4作为混凝剂时,最佳pH为6.0~9.0。在200r/min下快速搅拌1min,在40r/min下慢速搅拌20min,天然有机物的去除率较高。     

强化混凝法处理微污染窖水的试验研究

研究了使用单混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝、助凝剂阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)-PAC复配混凝和粉末活性炭联合APAM-PAC强化混凝对窖水的处理效果。结果表明,在PAC质量浓度为15.0mg/L,APAM质量浓度为0.15mg/L,粉末活性炭投加量为20mg/L的强化混凝条件下,微污染窖水中的UV_(254)、COD和浊度的去除率可分别达到66%、54%、97%。APAM对有机物的去除效果提升没有分子量选择性,而粉末活性炭对小分子有机物的去除效果更为明显。     

混凝气浮处理酸性大红3R的实验研究

实验研究了pH值、七水硫酸镁用量、十二烷基硫酸钠用量和气浮时间对酸性大红3R混凝气浮处理的影响。对比了混凝气浮和混凝沉淀处理酸性大红3R的效果。结果表明,pH值的调节和混凝剂的投加对酸性大红3R混凝气浮的处理效果影响较大,浮选剂对气浮效率有一定提高,杂质可在较短时间内浮出,混凝气浮起到一定深度处理效果。当混凝剂用量为647 mg/L,浮选剂用量为2 mg/L,pH值为11,气浮时间为3 min时,吸光度和色度去除率分别达到87.7％和84.9%。紫外-可见光谱图显示在pH为13时苯环、萘环或杂环不饱和体系会吸收—OH助色基团。     

干法腈纶废水混凝处理研究

针对干法腈纶废水的特点及目前混凝剂产品使用现状,采用无机混凝剂单一与无机/有机混凝剂复配进行混凝实验,确定最佳混凝剂和最佳混凝条件.结果表明:(1)单一无机混凝剂处理干法腈纶废水时,聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的混凝效果要好于其他无机混凝剂.当废水pH为11.03、PFS用量为700 mg/L时,COD去除率达到20.89%,较现有干法腈纶生产厂家普遍采用的混凝处理方法提高了7.89%～10.89%.(2)PFS与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复配的混凝效果明显比单一PFS好;PFS与阳离子型PAM复配的混凝效果最好,其最佳用量分别为400、7 mg/L,COD由1 700.00 mg/L降到1 331.44 mg/L,去除率达到21.68%,较现有干法腈纶生产厂家普遍采用的混凝处理方法提高了8.68%～11.68%.     

玉米深加工废水的混凝实验

在室温条件下,分别选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)及三氯化铁(FeCl3)对玉米深加工废水进行混凝实验。综合考虑各种混凝剂对磷、COD以及SS的去除效果,最终选取PAC作为混凝剂。采用PAC和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为复合混凝剂,对其去除效果做进一步研究,并确定了最佳投加量及pH值。实验结果表明,在PAC投加量25mg/L,PAM投加量0.5 mg/L,pH为8条件下,混凝效果最佳。磷、COD、SS去除率可分别达到90.1%、53.3%和88.2%,对应的出水质量浓度分别为0.41、26.8和2 mg/L。     

混凝法深度处理废纸造纸废水实验研究

按照烧杯实验方法,重点考察了pH值、混凝剂种类和投加量等因素对生化处理后废纸造纸废水混凝处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:PAC作为混凝剂,PAM作为助凝剂联合处理该废水时,能够取得较好的去浊率、SS、色度和COD去除率。混凝沉淀最佳运行条件为:废水pH为6.5,含铝量10%的PAC和2 g/L的PAM投加量分别为1 mL/L、0.5 mL/L,浊度从35 NTU降低到1 NTU,去除率达97.1%,SS从30 mg/L降低到7 mg/L,去除率达76.7%,色度从64倍降低到18倍,去除率达71.9%,COD从95 mg/L降低到44.8 mg/L,去除率可达52.8%,取得了较好的去除效果,达到国家造纸废水新排放标准限值。     

改性膨润土联合混凝剂处理微污染水中有机物

采用十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,研究了改性膨润土联合混凝剂去除有机物的效果,考察了有机改性剂用量、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、膨润土投加量、pH值对有机物去除效果的影响,探讨了改性膨润土的改性和去除机理。结果表明,经微波改性后,实现了十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐阳离子对膨润土的插层,增大了层间距,提高了膨润土的吸附性能。联合混凝剂投加改性膨润土能够改善絮凝性能,显著提高有机物的去除效果。在最佳条件下,改性膨润土与PAC联合后的强化混凝,对初始浓度15.3 mg/L的微污染水中有机物的去除率达到95%以上,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

强化混凝-吸附预处理生活污水

采用混凝/吸附复配的方式对生活污水进行了浓缩预处理。通过对有机物去除率和混合絮体沉降性能的考察,优选出最佳混凝剂聚合氯化铝和最佳吸附剂粉末活性炭,其最优投加量分别为60 mg/L和40 mg/L。在此复配条件下,COD去除率由单独投加混凝剂时的62%提高到73%,浊度去除率由88%提高到93%。同时利用分子量分级实验进一步阐述了混凝/吸附复配过程提升污水浓缩效果的机制。在机械加速澄清池连续实验中,在原水COD 300~500 mg/L、浊度130~360 NTU的水质条件下,出水COD稳定在70~86 mg/L之间,去除率达80%以上,出水浊度稳定在10 NTU以下。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为：二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为:二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.