低污泥产量印染废水处理工艺与运行条件

采用UASB反应器+三段好氧+混凝沉淀组合工艺处理印染工业园废水,对污泥减量化进行探索。结果表明,工程运行中,通过控制运行参数、以及运用UASB水解酸化反应器及生物捕食技术,在出水稳定在《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准时,该系统处理每吨污水污泥产量为1 046 g。     

化学混凝对UASB工艺处理低浓度生活污水的影响

UASB工艺处理低浓度生活污水中，未充分降解的悬浮物易在UASB反应器中堆积，导致已颗粒化厌氧污泥的活性降低，影响处理效果。作者采用化学混凝预处理法来探讨对UAsB工艺运行的影响。通过实验得知化学混凝实现了去除进水中的SS，在FeCl3的投量为70mg/L,t(HRT)为2h时，UASB工艺的COD去除率达50％～600％。     

UASB/MBR-CANON工艺处理高氮活性印花废水

针对棉织物活性印花废水高氮、高色度、高COD等特点,采用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器与完全自养脱氮膜生物反应器组合工艺(UASB/MBR-CANON),处理模拟高氮活性印花废水。实验过程分为独立启动和串联运行2个阶段,探究了不同基质浓度条件下UASB/MBR-CANON反应器对高氮活性印花废水的处理效果。结果表明:UASB和MBR-CANON反应器分别经过140 d独立启动运行后,UASB反应器与MBR-CANON反应器完成串联运行,此时总氮平均去除率达到72%, COD平均去除率达到74%,染料平均脱色率达到82%;在MBRCANON反应器运行的200 d内,通过对膜表面污染物分析发现,膜表面滤饼层胞外聚合物中多糖和蛋白质含量分别为52 mg·L~(-1)和17 mg·L~(-1)。膜通量数据表明,在低通量状态下,膜通量衰减速率较为缓慢,经过清洗后,膜通量可恢复初始通量的80%～90%。进一步分析可知,采用UASB/MBR-CANON工艺处理高氮活性印花废水具有较高的技术可行性,以上研究结果可为该工艺的工程化应用提供参考。     

中低温厌氧处理城市污水污泥颗粒化的研究

用高径比为3∶1的UASB反应器分别在35℃和室温条件下处理模拟城市污水,研究了污泥的颗粒化过程。比较了在不同温度、浓度下形成的颗粒污泥的特征。水温为9~25℃,进水浓度为100~200 mg COD/L,水力上流速度(Vup)在0.013~0.11 m/h的4#UASB反应器在60 d内在形成了成熟的颗粒污泥。研究表明,进水中低的有机物浓度,低的Ca2+、Mg2+浓度和低的Vup没有抑制颗粒化进程。     

上流式厌氧污泥床处理味精生产尾母液废水影响因素的研究

采用连续流上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺处理高浓度味精生产尾母液废水。分析了COD容积负荷、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、氨氮、碱度与COD去除率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)UASB反应器处理高浓度味精生产尾母液废水成功实现了污泥颗粒化;(2)当UASB反应器具有足够的pH缓冲能力时,即使在酸性进水条件下,UASB反应器依然能稳定运行,无需配置pH调节单元;(3)在UASB反应器运行初始阶段,应逐步提高COD容积负荷,起始阶段COD容积负荷太高易引起VFAs积累;(4)当出水氨氮浓度提高时,出水pH也随之上升;(5)高浓度氨氮虽然对微生物有一定的毒害作用,但产甲烷菌能够对氨氮的轻微毒性逐渐驯化而适应,系统能在高氨氮环境下稳定运行;(6)提高系统pH缓冲能力,对避免由于VFAs积累而导致的系统pH下降、进而导致COD去除率下降是非常重要的。     

UASB反应器处理链霉素废水启动及运行性能

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理链霉素生产废水,研究了中温条件下反应器启动和稳定运行中废水处理性能及厌氧污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,通过逐步提高链霉素废水进水比例和负荷,可以实现UASB反应器的启动和稳定运行,并对高浓度链霉素实际废水具有良好的处理性能,COD去除率稳定在80%以上,COD去除负荷达7.2 kg/(m3·d),CH4产生量达到6.2 L/d。UASB反应器启动运行过程中,链霉素废水对污泥活性具有抑制影响,造成短期反应器运行性能明显下降,而后很快恢复。同时高负荷链霉素废水造成甲烷产率降低。污泥性状变化显著,污泥形态逐渐转变为颗粒态,污泥粒径增大,出现大量0.5~1.0 mm颗粒污泥,污泥VSS/SS比值升高,污泥沉降性明显增强,比产甲烷活性显著升高,表明污泥开始实现颗粒化。     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理糖蜜酒精废水的启动运行研究

将取自某糖厂的糖蜜酒精废水稀释约100倍,并经过改性蔗渣灰活性炭吸附后,选用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器进行处理。控制UASB反应器温度为40℃,进水流量为450mL/h,进水pH为6.5~7.2。结果表明,经过30d后,UASB反应器运行稳定,COD去除率达到60%,色度去除率达到25%,SO_4~(2-)去除率达到20%,产气量为60mL/L。     

UASB-SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水的研究

近年来,随着中国畜禽养殖业的快速发展,落后的养殖模式和污染防治设施,使畜禽养殖污染日趋严重,畜禽养殖污染已居农业污染源之首,已成为中国环境污染的重要因素,对环境质量乃至人体健康都会产生不良影响。文中采用UASB—SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水,通过试验探讨SBR反应器启动方法及最佳运行模式,同时研究UASB反应器的启动方法。结果表明,SBR运行的最佳模式为进水0.5 h、反应8 h、沉淀1 h、出水0.5 h、闲置14 h。经过一段时间的启动,UASB和SBR反应器均成功启动,UASB—SBR组合工艺在处理畜禽养殖废水时可获得稳定的处理效果,COD、氨氮、总磷等出水水质均达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)要求,为畜禽养殖废水处理的工程化应用提供了参考依据。     

D-异抗坏血酸钠生产废水处理工程设计及调试实例

介绍了采用UASB反应器-兼氧池-鼓风式氧化沟-混凝沉淀池工艺处理D-异抗坏血酸钠生产废水的工程实例.运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,耐冲击负荷能力强,出水水质好.处理出水COD≤150 mg/L、BOD_5≤30 mg/L、SS≤150mg/L,达到了<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)二级标准的要求.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂废水零排放工艺及其环境经济效益分析

介绍了1种垃圾焚烧发电厂废水零排放工艺,即升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)+膜生物反应器(MBR)+纳滤(NF)组合工艺,能很好地处理垃圾焚烧发电厂的废水。以广东某垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,对UASB+MBR+NF组合工艺进行了环境经济效益分析,为中国垃圾焚烧发电厂的废水处理提供借鉴。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.