A.faecalis strain NR的包埋固定及其氨氮降解性能

为考察异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌的包埋固定及其氨氮降解特性,对一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌A.feacalis strain NR的包埋固定进行了研究,并与游离菌处理氨氮效果进行对比,考察包埋菌降解氨氮的优势。采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)以及PVA/SA混合物分别作为包埋载体,发现PVA/SA混合物作为包埋载体其理化性能最佳,更适合作为包埋载体;利用单因素实验寻求PVA及SA含量、交联时间、包菌量4个因素的合理水平,并采用正交实验对上述4个因素进行优化,获得包埋较优条件为:PVA含量10%、SA含量0.4%、交联时间4 h、包菌量10%;在此条件下制备包埋小球,并得出包埋小球在基础培养基中的最佳投加量为10 g/(150 m L基础培养基);之后考察了温度、pH这2个因素对包埋小球降解氨氮效果的影响,得到包埋小球的最佳氨氮降解条件为:30℃、pH=7;通过对比不同温度及不同pH条件下包埋小球与游离菌对于氨氮的处理效果,发现包埋小球对低温及酸性条件更具有耐受性,表现出优于游离细菌的氨氮降解效率。     

3种载体固定化菌藻共生系统脱氮除磷效果的对比

采用3种不同载体（海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、复合载体）,分别将小球藻和栅藻与活性污泥固定成菌藻共生系统,制成菌藻凝胶小球,单独菌、单独藻的凝胶小球,用于处理人工污水。结果表明,（1）复合载体固定的菌藻共生系统氮磷去除效果最好,PVA载体的脱氮除磷效果次于复合载体优于海藻酸钠;（2）固定化菌藻共生系统的脱氮除磷效果明显优于单独固定菌和单独固定藻,固定菌的效果较差;（3）3种载体包埋下的固定化小球藻的脱氮除磷效果均较相同载体固定化的栅藻效果好。     

蒽的高效降解菌的固定化小球的制备及其降解特性

旨在利用固定化高效降解菌小球去除水中蒽,充分发挥累托石的吸附和生物降解的协同作用,以累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,将蒽的高效降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球.考察了累托石用量、PVA投加量、海藻酸钠用量、氯化钙用量、微生物包埋量和交联时间等因素对微生物小球活性的影响,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件.结果表明,制备固定化微生物小球的最佳条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA 12%,SA 0.3%,CaCl24%,交联时间28 h,微生物包埋量10%.对40 mgJ/L的蒽溶液,游离微生物在50 h后开始发挥明显的降解作用,经过68 h蒽的去除率达到35.65%;而固定化微生物小球经过9 h即可使蒽的去除率达到81.8%,23 h后葸的去除率可达100%.固定化微生物小球对水中蒽的去除机理与吸附-降解工艺的机理类似,即固定化微生物小球类似于一个一体化的微型反应器,经过迟滞期后,在该反应器内同时发生吸附和降解作用.     

Box-Behnken响应曲面法优化耐盐复合菌剂的脱氮条件

确定耐盐复合菌剂的脱氮条件是提高脱氮率的关键,为了获得最佳脱氮条件,以耐盐复合菌剂为研究对象,脱氮率为评价指标,初始氨氮浓度、m(C)∶m(N)和投加量为考察因素,利用Box-Behnken响应曲面法优化耐盐复合菌剂的脱氮条件,同时通过Design-Expert 8.0.6数据处理软件得出相应的回归模型以及最优值。实验表明:最佳脱氮条件为初始氨氮浓度为121.15 mg·L-1、m(C)∶m(N)为15.10、投加量为5.27%,此条件下实际脱氮率为98.45%(预测值为99.31%)。响应曲面方差分析结果表明,回归模型适应性显著,在研究区域内拟合效果好,相关性好,实验误差较小,能够真实描述各影响因素与响应值(脱氮率)之间的真实关系。     

脱氮复合菌群的构建及其效果

为探讨复合菌群对含氮废水的脱氮效果,从鱼池养殖废水中分离筛选出3株脱氮能力较强的菌株LAB004、AD012和NSP101。分析3株菌株在不同复配比下的脱氮效果,从而构建脱氮复合菌群并对该复合菌群进行生长条件优化,最后以乙酸钠、麦芽糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖为碳源,分析了不同碳源对复合菌群生长和脱氮性能的影响。结果显示,当复配比为LAB004∶AD012∶NSP101=3∶2∶4(菌体体积比)时构建的复合菌群的脱氮效果最佳,该复合菌群经生长条件优化后,在接种量为8%(体积分数)、C/N(质量比)为15、pH为7.0的条件下脱氮效果较好,当以乙酸钠为唯一碳源时复合菌群18h左右达到生长峰值,脱氮率达到90%以上。由菌株LAB004、AD012和NSP101组成的复合菌群具有良好的脱氮效果,在水体氮污染治理方面具有一定的应用潜力。     

卡拉胶、膨润土改性PVA包埋小球

对PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球和PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球的性能进行比较,并首次使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土混合包埋材料制作包埋小球.结果表明,PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球在制作过程中有一定的拖尾现象,红墨水到达小球中心的时间为80 min,6d可去除50％的COD;PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球更容易成球,而且红墨水到达小球中心的时间为50 min,6d可去除56％的COD.此外,在PVA+卡拉胶包埋材料中添加适量的膨润土可以将红墨水到达小球中心的时间由50 min缩短到30 min.因此,使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土的混合材料制作包埋小球是可行的.最后,通过包埋小球处理抗生素废水的正交实验,得出包埋材料中各组分的最佳配比:PVA浓度11％、卡拉胶浓度0.5％、膨润土浓度2.5％.在这种配比下,包埋小球对抗生素废水中COD的去除率可以达到65％左右.     

亚硝化混合菌的固定化及去除河水NH_3-N影响因素

通过比较炉渣、陶粒和沸石3种吸附基质对污染物的吸附去除效果和吸附固定微生物的效果,筛选出廉价易得的炉渣作为载体基质,同时以2%海藻酸钠(SA)和8%聚乙烯醇(PVA)混合溶液作为包埋剂,用吸附-包埋的复合方法固定具有亚硝化功能的混合微生物,并考察了该PVA-SA-炉渣小球去除河水中NH3-N的效果和影响因素。结果表明,当投加比0.45、温度30~40℃、振荡速度150 r/min和初始NH3-N浓度6 mg/L时,微生物可保持较高的活性,经4 h处理,复合固定化颗粒对河水中NH3-N去除率为80%左右。该吸附-包埋固定化方法对于去除NH3-N具有一定的实用意义,也为河流水体净化提供了新的技术参考。     

利用工业园区酒糟固废制备复合缓释碳源及其性能评估

我国工业园区污水厂进水碳氮比(C/N)普遍较低,常需补充碳源以提高脱氮效果。酒糟富含蛋白质、碳水化合物等有机组分,可生物利用性好,但目前缺乏其作为缓释碳源的研究。本研究以工业园区酒糟固废为原材料,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)为骨架材料,利用低温冷冻化学交联法制备复合缓释碳源,并进行释碳性能和反硝化性能评估。结果表明：通过骨架材料配比以及乳化剂优化研究,缓释碳源的快速释放期可延长到3 d,此阶段释碳过程为骨架溶蚀机制,单位质量缓释碳源的累积释碳量(以化学需氧量,即COD计)可达到1 089 mg·(g·L)^-1。在酒糟用量为10 g·L^-1,骨架材料配比为PVA:SA=8:1,乳化剂为1.0%span80条件下制备的缓释碳源在投加量为0.19 g·L^-1,初始硝态氮(NO3--N)为(41.53±0.1) mg·L^-1时,反硝化出水溶解性有机物(DOM)的腐殖化程度最低、分子质量最小、芳香环取代基种类和取代基程度最低,总氮去除率为99.2%,反硝化速率达到4.08 mg·(L·h)^...     

两阶段固定化方法制备微囊藻球对Ni~(2+)的去除效果

采用硼酸-硼砂两阶段固定化方法制备PVA-SA复合微囊藻球,综合考察了硼酸(H_3BO_4)、氯化钙(Ca Cl_2)、硼砂(Na_2B4O_3·10H_2O)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)等因素对藻球性能、固定化过程中PVA泄露及Ni2+去除效果等的影响。结果表明,在以上各因素水平分别为3.5%、2.0%、3.0%、9%和1%时,成球效果、藻球性能较好,固化过程中PVA泄露量较小,Ni2+去除效率较高。两阶段固定化方法可以成功解决PVA-SA包埋固定化技术存在的水溶胀性问题,为其实际运用提供了可能性。     

海藻酸钠与纳米Fe_3O_4联合固定化菌对三氟羧草醚的降解

采用联合固定化技术,将菌株Pseudomonas citronellolis DK-3与纳米Fe_3O_4固定于海藻酸钠小球中制成纳米Fe_3O_4和海藻酸钠联合固定化菌(Fe_3O_4/SA),并系统研究了纳米Fe_3O_4的最佳投加量,Fe_3O_4/SA联合固定化菌对三氟羧草醚的降解特性以及Fe_3O_4/SA固定化菌在序批式反应器(SBR)中的降解稳定性。实验结果表明,当纳米Fe_3O_4的投加量为90 mg·L~(-1),三氟羧草醚初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)时,固定化菌的降解率达到97.9%。扫描电镜结果表明Fe_3O_4/SA联合固定化小球更适合三氟羧草醚降解菌的附着生长。Fe_3O_4/SA联合固定化菌降解三氟羧草醚的最佳环境条件为pH:7~8、温度:30℃。此外,与SA固定化菌相比,Fe_3O_4/SA联合固定化菌具有更强的耐环境因素变化能力,抗重金属离子毒性能力。并且,经多次重复使用后,联合固定化菌仍保持较高的降解率(95%)。最后,实验室规模序批式反应器(SBR)中降解实验表明,Fe_3O_4/SA联合固定化菌能够稳定运行35 d以上,降解率均高于95%,为三氟羧草醚固定化细菌的工程化应用奠定了理论基础。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.