地铁车站深基坑建设对邻近建筑物安全的影响评估

为确保地铁车站深基坑施工期间邻近建筑物的安全性和正常使用的要求,根据既有建筑物基础类型、结构形式、建造时期和使用情况,确定既有建筑物基础的剩余变位能力,基于地铁车站的设计文件及施工方案,采用数值计算方法评判既有建筑物基础在车站深基坑施工期间的变形是否超过剩余变位值,可通过不断调整设计方案及施工方案直至满足其安全性为止,以保证建筑物在地铁车站施工期间建筑物的正常使用。工程实践表明,车站主体结构施工结束后地表沉降及邻近地面建筑物的变形值均在规定范围以内,有效降低了施工期间邻近建筑物面临的倾斜、沉降过大等风险。研究成果能为地铁车站深基坑建设前对邻近建筑物结构安全评估具有重要的指导意义和实用价值,为风险工程在设计及施工阶段进行安全性评估与评价提供有力指导。     

安全生产支撑模式及架构探讨

用系统论方法分析安全生产工作的整体性概念,指出安全生产支撑体系构建应以系统论的科学理论为基础,并提出在社会主义市场经济条件下,制度支撑、组织支撑和技术支撑共同构成稳定完整的安全生产支撑模式。在架构上,安全生产支撑体系可细分为若干各具特点的服务与支持系统,包括法律法规、安全标准、政策措施、企业安全管理、政府安全监管、事故应急管理、科技创新、中介服务、宣传教育等体系,该体系相对独立、相互联系,共同构成完整的安全生产支撑体系框架。     

大跨度钢结构施工安全风险评价IHFACS-BN模型及应用

为降低大跨度钢结构施工安全事故发生率,提出基于改进人为因素分析及分类系统(IHFACS)与贝叶斯网络(BN)的大跨度钢结构施工安全风险评价模型。首先,引入HFACS方法,结合工程实际改进HFACS法;然后,基于IHFACS全面识别施工安全风险,采用粗糙集(RS)方法构建评价指标体系;其次,构建BN模型,并根据现场数据结合模糊集方法确定BN各根节点的先验概率及节点间的条件概率分布,通过GeNIe软件计算系统失效概率,分析关键风险因素;最后,以昆明机场扩建工程为例,验证该模型的有效性。结果表明:模型计算结果与实际情况基本符合,此工程总体安全风险概率为57.62%;焊缝错边、气孔、夹渣与支撑胎架拆除不当的敏感度均超过20%,是大跨度钢结构施工应重点管控的关键风险因素。     

基于AHP-熵权法的跨燃气管道现浇梁施工风险评价

为保障某跨燃气管道现浇梁施工安全,建立现浇梁BIM模型进行动态施工模拟,找出影响现浇梁施工的风险因素,从地质条件、外界影响、安全管理3个方面建立了跨燃气管道现浇梁施工风险评价体系;结合"熵"理论和层次分析法综合确定各影响因素权重并对现浇梁施工风险进行模糊综合评价;研究表明:①通过BIM动态模拟,直观全面地识别出施工风险...     

概率火灾安全分析方法研究

为分析和评估火灾对设备、建筑物等敏感目标结构安全的影响,结合化工定量风险评估方法和气体爆炸概率安全分析方法,提出概率火灾安全分析策略和实施流程。该方法包括火灾危害辨识、泄漏速率计算、火灾后果模拟、频率分析、绘制频率超越热载荷曲线、结构响应分析等关键步骤。以某柴油罐区为例,通过频率分析和火灾模拟,绘制出频率超越热载荷曲线,假定火灾风险可接受准则为10-4/a,求得对应的可信热载荷为21 kW/m2,并以此值作为结构热响应分析的输入参数。火灾概率安全分析方法侧重于描述火灾热辐射强度及其对应的发生可能性,判定敏感目标遭遇的可信火灾热载荷强度和结构热响应行为,评估消防减灾措施效果,确保结构完整性和可用性,不评价工艺系统潜在火灾风险的高低。     

安全地盖好高层公寓

我工区今年承担的重点工程中有2栋公寓,均为16层(加地下是20层)的预制装配化的钢筋混凝土框架结构,楼高近60米,楼板、壁板要整间整块地吊装,各层阳台悬挑达1.70米,楼顶尚有三层现浇钢筋混凝土大挑檐,挑出达1.82米,梁柱节点混凝土均是现浇。加之施工现场周围国际友人来来往往络绎不绝,因此不论工程质量或生产安全,甚至职工一举一动,都关系到祖国的荣誉,关系到毛主席的革命外交路线。 在这样复杂、艰巨任务面前,如何保证安全生产和工程质量,做到多、快、好、省和安全地把大楼搞上去,这是工区全体职工共同关心的问题。搞好安全生产,关键在于领…     

特种机电设备安全科技支撑体系建设探讨

针对机电类特种设备的特点和安全科技现状,提出了构建特种机电设备安全科技支撑体系的架构。根据机电类特种设备的安全形势,以全面提升特种机电设备检验检测技术机构的能力,保障特种机电设备安全为目的,探讨特种机电设备安全科技支撑体系,研究分析由检验检测技术平台、风险评估技术平台、安全监测预警平台、应急救援技术平台、科技应用服务平台5个支撑平台构成的支撑体系的建设主体和建议。     

Discussion on Construction of Safety Scientific and Technological Support System for Special Eletromechanical Equipment

针对机电类特种设备的特点和安全科技现状,提出了构建特种机电设备安全科技支撑体系的架构.根据机电类特种设备的安全形势,以全面提升特种机电设备检验检测技术机构的能力,保障特种机电设备安全为目的,探讨特种机电设备安全科技支撑体系,研究分析由检验检测技术平台、风险评估技术平台、安全监测预警平台、应急救援技术平台、科技应用服务平台5个支撑平台构成的支撑体系的建设主体和建议.     

大跨度预应力混凝土梁高大模架安全设计与施工

模板高支撑架与传统支撑体系不同,高支撑体系具有跨度大、荷载重、高度高的特点,因此,对模板的支顶设计与施工提出了更高的要求。在确定安全设计与施工专项方案时,首先应结合可组织的材料进行支架形式选型支撑架的设计除满足计算中的相关依据外,须重视其相关构造要求;其次,还应加强施工过程的管理,严把进场材料关,严格支撑架的检查验收,精心设计混凝土浇筑方案,以确保高支撑架体的整体稳定和安全。平顶山市行政服务综合楼预应力框架梁具有高、大、重的特点。以《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》为依据,介绍了高大模架采用满堂扣件式钢管支撑架的设计与计算、施工方法、安全措施和应用效果,实践表明是可行的。     

临时用电线路技术管理

在建筑施工中,如何加强施工现场临时用电的安全管理,已成为保证施工安全的重要环节。本文从技术角度分析了现场临时用电线路上的通病和应对措施,包括了施工组织设计、线路布置、配电箱、照明等常见部位的用电安全技术要求,以求在易发生触电事故的环节加强技术管理控制,保障施工安全。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。