西宁高新技术产业园区建成后湟水中下游水环境容量及排污控制量研究

以西宁经济技术开发区高新技术产业园区建设为背景,针对北川河和湟水河下游水环境中度污染的状况,根据已有水质水文监测资料和沿岸排污情况,选取污染物中所占比例最大的化学需氧量和氨氮作为河段的主要污染控制因子,以一维水质模型为基础,进行水环境容量的计算,并以水环境容量为依据明确河段及园区水污染物排污控制量和削减量。     

濛阳河流域(成都段)污染源解析及对策研究

为改善濛阳河流域(成都段)水环境现状,提出合理有效的水环境治理措施,根据实测数据对流域水质现状进行分析,并参照《全国水环境容量核定技术指南》中规定的计算方法,对流域主要入河污染物的量进行计算。结果表明,濛阳河流域彭州出境断面水质不稳定达标,主要超标污染物为总磷,COD、氨氮不稳定达标。流域内COD、氨氮、总磷总入河量分别为805.41t/a、129.96t/a、31.17t/a。按污染源分类,生活污染源对COD、氨氮、总磷的贡献率最大,分别为60.60%、48.82%、43.27%,其次是农田面源。按区县分类,濛阳镇和九尺镇对流域污染负荷贡献较大。根据污染源解析结果,有针对性的提出污染治理对策,为濛阳河流域水环境治理提供依据和思路。     

河北省地表水环境污染特征及分析

河北省1998年-2005年的水环境质量监测数据分析表明：河北省地表水污染恶化趋势基本得到遏制,但部分地区水污染矛盾仍很突出;水体总体污染减轻,但氨氮污染有加重趋势;主要湖（库）水水质稳定,但普遍呈不同程度的富营养化。在此基础上,分析了地表水污染的原因,并提出了河北省改善地表水环境污染的对策与措施。     

小清河济南段水污染现状与防治对策

小清河是济南市的主要排污河流,分析了小清河济南段各断面2002--21306年的水环境污染状况。结果显示,小清河水质污染依然严重,氨氮和生化需氧量大体呈上升趋势。同时,分析了小清河水环境污染的原因,讨论了小清河济南段水环境治理的必要性和迫切性,提出了改善小清河水环境质量的可行对策。     

昌吉市头屯河水质变化趋势及原因分析

为改善头屯河水环境质量,对头屯河2017～2019年水质进行分析评价。结果表明:头屯河主要污染因子是氨氮和总磷,在调查期间,河流氨氮和总磷的污染得到有效控制;2019年头屯河4个断面的pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数监测指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准,其中八钢断面的氨氮浓度最高,4个断面的总磷浓度在6月份和9月份均超出Ⅰ类水质标准;八钢断面的水质无明显改变,电线厂断面水质类别由Ⅱ类升为Ⅰ类;皮革厂断面及化工厂断面氨氮浓度明显下降;头屯河水质下一步整治目标应是在继续控制人为污染及农业污染造成的氨氮和总磷浓度超标的基础上,重点关注耗氧性物质的浓度变化。     

基于污染溯源分析的汤水河考核断面水质达标方案研究

基于水文、水质和污染源资料,建立了汤水河流域一维水环境数学模型。利用控制断面达标法计算得到汤水河水环境容量,根据水文水质同步监测资料进行了后桥头路桥考核断面污染溯源分析,进而制定出近远期水质达标方案,为汤水河乃至秦淮流域的水环境综合治理提供技术支撑。结果表明:2020年后桥头路桥断面水质稳定达标时,汤水河COD、氨氮、总磷水环境容量分别为197.39t/a、18.50t/a、2.22t/a。后桥头路桥断面污染主要源自于句容市和淳化街道,建议两地协作配合,共同促进汤水河的水环境改善。     

“十一五”期间大凌河朝阳段水环境质量变化趋势研究

通过分析"十一五"期间大凌河朝阳段环境质量变化趋势,发现:氨氮浓度呈整体上升趋势,化学需氧量浓度呈整体下降趋势;氨氮从V类水质降低到中劣V类水质标准,化学需氧量从劣V类水质升高到中IV类水质标准。"十一五"期间大凌河朝阳段水环境质量的变化原因为:城市污水处理厂对氨氮去除率不高。基于此,提出了"十二五"期间大凌河朝阳段可将调整产业结构、发展绿色经济、实施污染治理三大工程作为水环境污染防治对策。     

福建省兰溪流域水环境的整治措施与成效评价

流域整治前,排入福建省南安市兰溪流域的CODCr总量1320.319t/a、氨氮总量113.905t/a、磷总量24.231t/a,远高于水环境容量CODCr807.7t/a、氨氮42.5t/a、总磷8.5t/a的理论值。针对流域主要污染源是生活污水、农业面源和养殖污水的源解析成果,采取了强化村镇生活污水收集治理,严格整治养殖业污染,加强农业面源污染防治的针对性措施,历经两年的整治,兰溪水质已从劣V类基本恢复到Ⅲ类水平。     

饮用水源突发性氨氮污染应急处理技术

近年来,我国饮用水源突发性氨氮污染事件频发,针对突发性氨氮污染的应急处理技术显得尤为必要。文章分析了突发性氨氮的来源和危害以及近年来发生的饮用水氨氮污染典型案例,在结合水厂实际运行和诸多中试实验的的基础上,对饮用水源突发性氨氮应急处理技术进行了详细介绍。     

江苏省泰州市长江饮用水源地水环境质量调查研究

为了掌握泰州市长江饮用水源地的水环境质量状况,调查了水体的21项水质理化指标、底栖动物及6项鱼类残毒的现状,用理化监测和生物监测相结合的方法对水源地的水质进行了综合分析。结果表明:水源地的水质总体较好,满足Ⅲ类集中式饮用水地表水水源的要求,大部分时间水质达Ⅱ类水功能要求,主要污染因子是总磷和氨氮;底栖动物监测结果显示水源地的水质整体处于轻污染至β-中污染之间,鱼类残毒显示水质为轻污染。     

Assessing the impact of leather industries on the quality of water discharged into the East China Sea from Wenzhou Watersheds

Ammonium nitrogen and total germanium are among the main pollutants in the wastewater discharged from the leather industry. The intake of high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and/or total germanium harms human health and biological species, as is well documented in literature. This paper focuses on assessing the trends of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium concentrations through time in two watersheds (Aojiang and Oujiang) in the Wenzhou metropolitan area of Zhejiang Province and their relationships with the released wastewater using regression and correlation statistics. The paper also utilizes the integrated pollution index to evaluate water quality in the two watersheds. Preliminary results show that, from 1992 to 1998 in the Aojing watershed, the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium increased 13 and 14 times, respectively, decreasing somewhat after 1998, while between 1992 and 1997 in the Oujiang watershed, the concentrations increased, then decreased after 1997. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium are positively related to the amount of released wastewater. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium exceeded water standards 12 and 3 times, respectively, in Pingyang county of the Aojiang watershed, 14 and 3.3 times in Lucheng District of the Oujiang watershed, and 14 and 3.8 times in the Ouhai Oujiang watershed, respectively. In Pingyang county of the Aojiang watershed, the water quality degraded from Type III in 1992 to over Type V in 2003, and in the Oujiang watershed, the water quality degraded from Type II to over Type IV in 1999, when they were compared with the water quality standards. The water quality slightly improved in 2003 for the Oujiang watershed. It appears that pollution did have a direct positive correlation with leather industry production in the Pingyang Aojing watershed, while there was a negative correlation between the two in the Oujiang watershed. In these two watersheds, the integrated pollution index did not appear to relate to population dynamics and agricultural production. This paper also discusses the current new methodologies and approaches adopted nationally and internationally to reduce the contaminants and purify the environment for maintaining a sustainable and healthier environment in Wenzhou.     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

分光光度法测定硝酸盐氮中的干扰因素

对酚二磺酸分光光度法测定水样中硝酸盐氮的标准方法进行研究,在不同浓度的氯化物、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮中加入不同浓度的硝酸盐氮标准溶液进行干扰试验。结果表明:在最佳的试验条件控制下,氯离子对低浓度硝酸盐氮测定产生的负干扰明显大于对高浓度硝酸盐氮产生的负干扰;随着加入的氨氮和氯化物浓度的增加,硝酸盐氮含量的测定结果低于实际值,且逐渐减小;在试验浓度范围内亚硝酸盐氮浓度对硝酸盐氮的测定几乎无影响。     

我国沸石去除水中氨氮的现状研究

沸石是一种天然、有效、价廉的环境友好型材料,其对氨氮具有很强的选择吸附性。本文就国内在沸石去除水中氨氮的机理、影响因素、沸石的改性及沸石研究的发展等方面进行广泛探讨。阐述了国内沸石去除水中氨氮的应用现状和进展,并指出沸石的推广要依赖于沸石改性和与其他工艺的联用技术开发。     

燃煤机组SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前控制氮氧化物排放的主要技术。本文介绍了锅炉炉后脱硝系统的布置位置及工艺条件、已经工业化的氨选择性高温还原钒催化剂的特点,以及近年来低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状。指出我国脱硝催化剂应提高还原剂的选择性,开发新型低温催化剂应重点考察烟气中的水、二氧化硫及硫酸氢铵等对催化剂的影响。     

氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失的影响

为了明确氮肥形态对土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,利用模拟径流小区观测的方法,研究在地膜覆盖与不覆盖情况下氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响。研究结果表明：壤中流氮、磷和钾的流失量分别占总径流流失量的71.30%、6.36%和8.85%,说明磷和钾流失的主要途径是地表径流,而氮流失的主要途径是壤中流,地膜覆盖降低酰胺态氮肥和缓控释肥处理氮素流失量,其中酰胺态氮肥处理地膜覆盖较不覆盖壤中流氮流失浓度和径流氮素流失量分别降低40.40%和29.32%。在无覆盖条件下,各处理径流氮素流失顺序表现为：酰胺态氮肥〉铵态氮肥〉缓控释肥〉硝态氮肥,施用硝态氮肥氮素流失量最低,较施用酰胺态氮肥氮素流失少40.86%。在地膜覆盖条件下,各处理径流中氮素流失顺序表现为：铵态氮肥〉酰胺态氮肥〉硝态氮肥〉缓控释肥,施用缓控释肥氮素流失量最低,较施用铵态氮肥氮素流失少59.60%。结果表明在四川紫色丘陵区为了有效控制水土养分流失,在肥料形态的选择上,以无覆盖条件下施用硝态氮肥较好,以地膜覆盖条件下施用缓控释肥较好。     

Modeling atmospheric nitrogen deposition and transport in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Atmospheric deposition of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen has been identified as a major factor in the decline of water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. Reports have indicated that atmospheric deposition may account for 25 to 80% of the total nitrogen load entering the bay. However, uncertainties exist regarding the accuracy of the atmospheric deposition inputs, nitrogen retention coefficients, and in-stream nutrient uptake rates used in these studies. This project was designed to reassess the potential inputs of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the bay through the use of a high-resolution wet deposition model, improved wet and dry deposition and nutrient retention estimates, existing soils and land use data, and geographic information systems software. Model results indicate that the methods used in previous studies may overestimate the contribution of atmospheric nitrate and ammonium deposition to the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW). Wet and dry atmospheric nitrate and ammonium nitrogen deposition estimates to the CBW ranged from 52.7 to 141.9 and 41.9 to 60.1 million kg/yr, respectively, between 1984 and 1996. Dry and total atmospheric deposition loads to the watershed are substantially less than previous estimates. Estimates of the percent contribution of atmospherically deposited nitrogen to the Chesapeake Bay represent between 20 and 32% of the total nitrate and ammonium nitrogen load to the watershed from all nitrogen sources. While these estimates are lower than many other published estimates, regression analysis of model parameters, nitrogen retention coefficients, output, and measured in-stream nitrogen loads indicate that the calculated nitrogen loads may still be too high.     

水环境中氨氮的分析方法进展

氮是天然水体的重要生源要素,是水体质量评价的重要指标之一。本文重点归纳总结了近年来我国在水环境中氨氮分析方法的研究进展,内容主要包括：氮的存在形态、样品预处理和氨氮的各种分析方法,指出了未来的主攻方向、重点研究领域和发展趋势。     

Nitrogen contamination in the Yellow River basin of China

Nitrogen contamination is one of the most serious problems in the Yellow River of China. This study was conducted to analyze monitoring data on nitrogen contamination for the Yellow River basin in the years 1980, 1990, 1997, and 1999. Several significant results have arisen from the study. First, in conjunction with an increase in economic indexes from the Yellow River's upper basin to its lower basin, the nitrogen concentration in the tributaries also showed an increasing trend from the upper to the lower basin, which, in turn, led to an increase in the nitrogen concentration of the mainstream from the upper to the lower reaches. Second, nitrogen in the river water in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Yellow River was attributed mainly to point sources. In spite of the fact that the ratio of point to nonpoint sources decreased from 2.7 in 1990 to 1.8 in 1997 for total inorganic nitrogen in river water at the Tongguan Station in the lower basin, point sources increased more than nonpoint sources. Third, the ammonium nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen content of the river water increased significantly in the mainstream and the tributaries during the 1980-1999 period, a change caused by an increase in wastewater discharge and nitrogenous fertilizer application in the Yellow River catchment.     

上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用校园水体底泥进行上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥释放量之间的关系研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下,上覆水水质影响底泥氮、磷的释放,尤其显著影响氮、磷的初期释放;上覆水氮、磷的浓度越小,底泥氮、磷的释放量越大;上覆水氮、磷的浓度超过一定值,会抑制底泥氮、磷的释放。