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为了控制由饮用水中的微生物引起的流行性霍乱、伤寒等疾病,1908年,美国新泽西州首先采用饮用水氯化消毒的方法处理自来水,收到良好效果。此后,自来水氯化消毒法迅速在全世界推广并沿用至今。70年代,人们逐渐发现氯化消毒的自来水不同程度存在卤代烃类化合物(THMs)。经流行病学研究结果证明,某些癌症的发病率与自来水的THMs的含量有相关关系。通过Ames实验也证明此类化合物有明显的致癌、诱突变性。并且氯化消毒法也不能去除水源中日渐增加的有机污染物。因此,从70年代起,西欧一些国家逐步采用臭氧(O_3)消毒处理自来水收效明显。我国近年来也开展过这方面的研究工作,因臭氧处理自来水成本高昂,因此,同我国相似的大多数发展中国家难以推广这种方法。在水源水污染日益加重和与饮用水质有关的恶性疾病死亡率(1/10 相似文献
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2014年4月11日,兰州市部分自来水苯超标,据报道,兰州部分市民或已饮用8天超标水,事件轰动全国;4月15日,黑龙江省依兰县部分自来水大肠菌群超标;23日,武汉市汉江取水口水质氨氮超标,造成水厂停产……在短短的十几天里,全国就发生了三起自来水污染事件。 相似文献
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1 引言 腐植酸(DHM)是一种水体污染物中间体,亦是一种极难降解的水体有机物,在天然水中一般含量为10—20mg/1,据研究,在水的氯化消毒过程中,腐植酸可以与氯分子(Cl_2)反应生成卤代烃(THMs),这是一种致癌物质,因此,如何去除水体腐植酸是水处理中的难题,本研究采用高频超声(1.8MHZ)降解腐植酸,取得明显效果。 相似文献
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本文介绍了用冷原子荧光法测定岷—沱江原水(总汞)、过滤水(溶解性汞)、悬浮物(悬浮态汞)及沉积物中汞含量。方法检测限为0.004μg/l。经选用W检验、Vistelius置信带法和偏度、峰度法联合进行汞含量分布类型检验,综合判断、研究得出岷—沱江水系河水中汞背景值(总量)为0.25μg/l,汞主要以溶解态存在于水体中,沉积物中汞背景值为0.018mg/kg。岷—沱江水系汞背景值无论与国内各水系还是同世界河流水平相比,均处于相同和较低水平。 相似文献
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本文对乌江下游沿河到彭水段河水,底质,鱼肉,岩坡土壤和木本植物叶片中汞的含量分布情况作了较全面的调查,结果表明乌江下游沿河至彭水段河水汞含量为0.035-0.05μg/l,底质派含量为131-369μg/kg,鱼肉汞含量为10.5-17.5μg/kg,岸坡土壤汞含量为53.0-2904μg/kg,岩坡木本植物叶片汞含量为18.7-93.5μg/kg,汞含量序为,岸坡封>底质>鱼肉>岸坡木本植物叶>河水。 相似文献
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《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2017,(6)
建立了同时测定水中30种卤代烃(包括氯苯类)的顶空-气相色谱法,研究了顶空条件对测定结果的影响。结果表明:在所建立的实验条件下,各卤代烃可实现良好的分离,线形范围内线性良好,相关系数r均大于0.990;检出限范围0.01~4.70μg/L,氯苯53.1μg/L;平均回收率85.0%~115%,RSD为0.5%~12.1%,方法灵敏度高,具有良好的精密度和准确度。另外,该方法避免了测定氯苯类物质时使用有机溶剂,减少二次污染现象发生。 相似文献
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The water disinfecting behavior of silver-modified clinoptilolite–heulandite rich tuff (ZSAg) as an antibacterial agent against coliform microorganisms from water in a continuous mode was investigated. Silver recovery from the disinfected effluents by the sodium-modified clinoptilolite–heulandite rich tuff (ZSNa) was also considered. Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) and total coliform microorganisms, as indicators of microbiological contamination of water, were chosen to achieve the disinfection of synthetic wastewater or municipal wastewater. Ammonium (NH4+) and chloride (Cl−) ions were added to the synthetic wastewater as an interfering chemical species on the disinfection processes. The antibacterial activity of the ZSAg as a bactericide was measured by the coliform concentration as evaluated by the APHA method. The amount of silver in the disinfected effluents was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The inactivation of the ZSAg was calculated from the breakthrough curves based on the model reported by Gupta et al. It was found that when the silver concentration in the effluent is less than 0.6 μg/mL, the bacterial survival percentage increased and the volume of disinfected water diminished. The total silver amounts found in the effluent at the end of the disinfection processes varied depending on the water treated (synthetic or municipal wastewater). The presence of NH4+ ions in synthetic wastewater influent notably improved the disinfected water volume (zero NVC/100 mL), in comparison to the disinfection of the same influent without NH4+ ions. A contrary water disinfection behavior was observed in the presence of Cl− ions. The silver recovery does not depend on the mass of the sodium zeolitic bed according with the wastewater to be treated (synthetic or municipal wastewater) and the presence of NH4+ or Cl− ions in the influent also influenced the silver recovery from wastewater. The ZSNa did not have antibacterial activity. Therefore the amount of bactericide agent (silver-modified natural zeolite), coliform microorganisms from water (E. coli or consort of coliform microorganisms) as well as the water quality (synthetic wastewater or municipal wastewater) influenced both the disinfection process and the silver recovery in a column system. 相似文献
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文章研究在不同消毒时间下,臭氧消毒中水前后挥发性有机物的变化。得出:消毒时间30 s和60 s后GC/MS检测有机物的种类较10 s时有明显增多,种类由10 s时的65种增到30 s时的98种,再增到60 s时的101种,最后到3 min时的135种。臭氧消毒法的快速、高效无二次污染、适用范围广。 相似文献
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本文以Ames试验检测了以沱江为水源的内江市东兴水厂枯水期原水和新、旧两两种工艺处理的出厂水的有机浓集物的致突变性,并对两种工艺去除三卤甲烷前体物的能力进行了比较。研究结果表明:在本试验条件下,其原水未检出致突变性;两种处理工艺的出厂水均能检出较弱的致突变性;新工艺能更有效地去除原水中的三卤甲烷前体物。 相似文献
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H. D. Burkett J. H. Faison H. H. Kohl W. B. Wheatley S. D. Worley N. Bodor 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(5):874-876
A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity. 相似文献