热表面对典型植物油的引燃规律研究

热表面是一种较常见的点火源,在日常生活、工业生产中普遍存在,可燃液体遇到热表面可能导致火灾、爆炸事故。本文介绍了可燃液体的火灾危险性参数及测定方法标准,试制了一台热表面引燃实验装置,对几种典型植物油进行了热表面的引燃实验,给出了发生50%引燃概率的温度值,分析了热表面最低引燃温度的影响因素。     

飞火和热辐射耦合作用点燃松针的实验研究

飞火颗粒点燃和火焰辐射引燃是森林-城镇交界域火灾两种主要引燃方式。已有很多研究关注单种引燃方式,但缺乏二者耦合作用下的引燃机理研究。实验研究了热颗粒与热辐射耦合作用下松针燃料床的点燃行为,分析了热颗粒尺寸、温度及辐射热通量对点燃特性的影响。实验结果表明:热颗粒和热辐射耦合作用的点燃危险性远远高于热颗粒或者热辐射单独作用下的点燃危险性。耦合作用时,点燃概率随颗粒尺寸、温度和辐射热通量增大而增大,热颗粒临界点燃温度以及临界辐射热通量均随热颗粒尺寸增大而降低;阴燃向明火转变的点燃时间随辐射热通量增大而降低,但与颗粒状态呈现出较为复杂的关系。     

1kV配电电缆的电弧引燃过程研究

电弧引燃电缆是造成电缆火灾的重要因素,威胁电力设备的安全运行与电力可靠供应。为了探索配电电缆的电弧引燃机理,构建了电弧引燃1 kV配电电缆实验平台,结合火灾动力学仿真,初步研究了电弧引燃电缆过程中的点燃、火焰蔓延及温度场分布,进一步探索了电弧火源功率对电弧引燃电缆过程的影响。结果发现功率为300 W的电弧火源能够在10 s内引燃1 kV聚氯乙烯护套电力电缆,电缆引燃后最高温度达900℃。随着电弧火源功率增大,电弧引燃电缆时间显著减小,并进一步获得了引燃该电力电缆所需的临界电弧功率。运用FDS仿真电弧引燃电缆过程,实验与仿真结果基本一致：当电弧功率从21.93 W减小到7.15 W时,实验点火时间从19 s增加到57 s,仿真点火时间从15.3 s增加到55.9 s;当电弧功率低于7.15 W时,实验和仿真电缆均无法引燃。     

不同物质组合摩擦火花引燃特性的研究

在本研究中,对碳钢、铍青铜和铜镍锰合金等三种金属与砂轮和45号钢轮摩擦时产生火花的能力和引燃能力作了对比实验。用于实验的可燃混合气为液化石油气/空气和氢/空气。实验表明,碳钢和砂轮摩擦产生的火花最强烈,但仍很难引燃液化石油气/空气混合气;铍青铜与砂轮摩擦时几乎看不到火花,铜镍锰合金在同样条件下产生火花的几率销大。在摩擦时间较长的条件下,两者均能引燃极易爆炸的氢/空气混合气,但爆炸却并不是在火花出现时立即发生的。可以推断:在上述条件下,摩擦造成的炽热表面是引燃的主要原因,而材料的引燃能力的强弱,不能只以是否产生火花为判断基准。     

古商业街木结构建筑防火间距的数值模拟研究

古商业街木结构建筑较多,防火间距先天不足,发生火灾后蔓延迅速,有必要开展木结构建筑引燃特性研究以获得合理的防火间距设置参数.以古商业街为研究对象,以临界温度和热辐射强度作为着火建筑对面木结构建筑被引燃的判定指标,综合考虑环境风速、建筑间距、火源功率、喷淋系统等因素,运用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS分析系列火灾场景下的温度和...     

基于锥形量热仪实验的卷烟及其包装材料燃烧特性研究

用ISO5660锥形量热仪研究了成品卷烟及其包装材料的燃烧特性,获得了这些材料在不同热辐射强度下的点燃时间和热释放速率等火灾特性参数.结果表明:烟支及其包装材料受热辐射时均可被点燃,热辐射强度越大,引燃时间越短;随辐射强度的升高样品的热释放速率呈递增趋势;在较强热辐射强度(≥25 kW/m2)下,组合样品的火灾危险性相对较大.     

施工现场火灾事故原因及预防

<正>2009年2月9日,央视大楼北配楼,建设单位违规燃放礼花,引燃可燃材料引发火灾。2009年3月5日,重庆大剧院施工现场焊工操作不慎,引燃橡塑保温材料引发火灾。2009年3月21日,重庆鸿恩寺三期农转非安置房施工工地活动板房内,电线短路引发火灾。2009年3月31日,重庆东海岸项目施工工地活动板房内,民工违规使用电器引发火灾。这一起起建筑施工     

不同倾角铜铟镓硒光伏组件燃烧行为的试验研究

为加强对于光伏组件火灾危险性的控制，进一步推动光伏建筑一体化技术的广泛应用，选择不同倾角布置的铜铟镓硒光伏组件为研究对象，改变倾斜角度，通过对引燃时间、火蔓延速度和质量损失速率等参数的测试和分析，研究铜铟镓硒光伏组件的燃烧行为及传热机制。结果表明，倾角的增大加剧了光伏组件火灾蔓延的危险性。光伏组件迎火面的引燃时间随倾角增大呈先减小后增大的变化趋势，倾角从0°增加到45°,引燃时间减少16.39%;倾角从45°增加到90°,引燃时间增加76.47%。背火面向上火蔓延速度随倾角增大而增大，倾角为90°时最大，为18.08 mm/s,横向火蔓延速度受倾角影响较小，均为1 mm/s左右；当光伏组件倾角增加，燃烧产生的熔融滴落物形成池火是造成光伏组件火灾危险性加剧的重要原因。     

典型建筑装饰材料热释放速率全尺寸火灾实验研究

ISO ROOM 9705火灾实验方法是一种全尺寸实验方法，主要研究室内建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。该实验方法能够模拟真实的火灾条件，因此测试结果比较可靠。该文首先介绍了ISO ROOM实验方法的原理和主要的实验装置，然后通过测量只在壁面装有建筑装饰材料和不同实验条件(包括不同的火源功率和不同的通风状况)下建筑装饰材料的热释放速率(Heat Release Rate)，研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。选取的两种典型建筑装饰材料是木工板和九合板。最后通过对比和分析实验数据，得出了一些结论，研究结果对于进一步研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性具有重要意义。     

基于桶式环形加热的阻燃电缆细观竖直燃烧特性研究实验平台的设计

针对阻燃电缆等难燃材料,为研究其在外界热源条件下的火灾性能与蔓延燃烧特性,研制了基于环形加热的阻燃电缆细观燃烧特性诊断实验平台。该平台主要包括三个部分,即:半封闭环形桶式加热与燃烧腔室、样品竖直固定模块和数据采集系统。实验参数的标定及典型阻燃电缆受热与燃烧实验结果表明,常规条件下无法点燃的阻燃电缆,当置于实验平台的加热炉内被加热一段时间后,底部小火源可将其点燃并呈现猛烈的燃烧与蔓延过程。该加热模块能够详细、准确地研究各种阻燃电缆在环形加热条件下的膨胀、引燃及蔓延燃烧的细观特性,而不同的加热模式有助于深入研究阻燃材料在各种热环境下的火灾特性,为阻燃材料的引燃机理及火蔓延模型研究提供了必要的研究平台。     

典型静电放电火花点燃危险性评价方法研究

通过研究典型静电放电火花的实际点燃能力 ,对实际生产工艺工程中的静电放电火花的点燃危险性进行定量评价。静电放电火花的放电相当能量、放电火花空间分布范围和放电火花持续时间 ,决定了静电放电火花实际点燃可燃物的可能性大小 ,因此不同类型的静电放电火花点燃可燃物的差异性很大。根据数据序列理论分析 ,引入静电放电火花点火源序列和可燃物危险性序列之间存在的关联性 ,反映了静电放电火花点燃可燃物的危险程度 ,可用于对静电放电火花的实际点燃危险性进行量化评价。对聚烯烃粉体生产工艺过程中典型和频发性的静电放电火花的点燃危险性进行了定量评价。     

外界热辐射作用下木材热解和着火的预测模型

在突发的火灾过程中，可燃性固体材料的着火时间和热解特性是非常关键的参数。建立了预测木材在外界热辐射作用下热解和着火时间的数值模型，可以给出固体的质量损失速率、内部温度场随时间的变化，并根据模型计算得到的表面温度随时间的变化对着火时间进行预测。计算结果和实验测量值相符较好。     

喷出火焰引起可燃性墙面燃烧问题的研究

应用传热学的有关知识,从理论上分析了通过外墙窗口喷出的火焰对可燃性墙面的引燃及墙面上的火焰传播等问题,并对这些问题进行了实验研究,结果表明：喷出火焰比较容易引燃可燃性墙面,使墙面上出现垂直向上的火焰传播现象。     

Minimum ignition energy of mixtures of combustible dusts

Most industrial powder processes handle mixtures of various flammable powders. Consequently, hazard evaluation leads to a reduction of the disaster damage that arises from dust explosions. Determining the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of flammable mixtures is critical for identifying possibility of accidental hazard in industry. The aim of this work is to measure the critical ignition energy of different kinds of pure dusts with various particle sizes as well as mixtures thereof.The results show that even the addition of a modest amount of a highly flammable powder to a less combustible powder has a significant impact on the MIE. The MIE varies considerably when the fraction of the highly flammable powder exceeds 20%. For dust mixtures consisting of combustible dusts, the relationship between the ignition energy of the mixture and the minimum ignition energy of the components follows the so-called harmonic model based upon the volume fraction of the pure dusts in the mixture. This correlation provides results which show satisfactory agreement with the experimental values.     

Propagation of smouldering in dust deposits caused by glowing nests or embedded hot bodies

Smouldering fires in storage equipment are often caused by glowing nests or embedded hot bodies. Due to large temperature gradients near the glowing nest in a deposit of bulk material the detection of a smouldering fire is difficult and the smouldering fire may remain unnoticed until the reaction front breaks through the surface of the deposit. The present paper reports experimental investigations on thermal conditions, which may cause or promote an ongoing smouldering process, e.g. critical initial temperatures of embedded hot bodies or critical initial sizes of glowing nests. Propagation velocities of smouldering fires were dependent on the sample size, the oxygen content within the sample and on the caloric properties of three combustible dusts.     

竹地板与普通实木地板燃烧性能的锥形量热仪对比实验研究

随着竹地板的广泛应用,竹木地板的火灾燃烧性能也将引起人们的关注.本文采用锥形量热仪对竹木地板的引燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放和一氧化碳的产率及体积比浓度等燃烧性能与普通实木地板进行了比较研究.研究结果表明:在相同条件下,竹木地板试样的引燃时间较短,临界引燃辐射热通量较低,引燃危险相对较大;竹木地板试样燃烧中第一个热释放速率峰值出现的时间短,且峰值相对较大,其潜在的轰燃危险相对较大;此外,竹木试样的一氧化碳的产率和燃烧初期在烟气中的体积比浓度相对较大.     

固体可燃物易点燃性标准的探讨

可燃性固体的引燃和熄灭与辐射到其表面的临界热能量和产生挥发分所必需的表面温度有关。探讨固体可燃物易点燃性标准,燃怀标准,对防火和灭火在理论上有一定的指导意义。本文在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种用固体挥发分的临界质量通量量化解释引燃和熄灭条件的方法,给出了易点燃性的标准。     

Parametric study of the explosivity of graphite-metals mixtures

The explosivity of dust clouds is greatly influenced by several parameters which depend on the operating conditions, such as the initial turbulence, temperature or ignition energy, but obviously also on the materials composition. In the peculiar case of a mixture of two combustible powders, the physical and chemical properties of both dusts have an impact on the cloud flammability and on its explosivity. Nevertheless, no satisfactory ‘mixing laws’ predicting the mixture behavior are currently available and the composition variable to be considered for such models greatly depend on the safety parameters which have to be determined: from volume ratios for some thermal exchanges and ignition phenomena, to surface proportions for some heterogeneous reactions and molar contents for chemical reactions. This study is mainly focused on graphite/magnesium mixtures as they are encountered during the decommissioning activities of UNGG reactors (Natural Uranium Graphite Gas). Due to the different nature and reactivity of both powders, these mixtures offer a wide range of interests. Firstly, the rate-limiting steps for the combustion of graphite are distinct from those of metals (oxygen diffusion or metal vaporization). Secondly, the flame can be thickened by the presence of radiation during metal combustion, whereas this phenomenon is negligible for pure graphite. Finally, the turbulence of the initial dust cloud is modified by the addition of a second powder. In order to assess the explosivity of graphite/magnesium clouds, a parametric study of the effects of storage humidity, particle size distribution, ignition energy, and initial turbulence has been carried out. In particular, it was clearly demonstrated that the turbulence significantly influences the explosion severity by speeding up the rate of heat release on the one hand and the oxygen diffusion through the boundary layer surrounding particles on the other hand. Moreover, it modifies the mean particle size and the spatial dust distribution in the test vessel, impacting the uniformity of the dust cloud. Thus, the present work demonstrates that the procedures developed for standard tests are not sufficient to assess the dust explosivity in industrial conditions and that an extensive parametric study is relevant to figure out the explosive behavior of solid/solid mixtures subjected to variations of operating conditions.     

Flame propagation behavior of aluminum nanopowder in bulk layer

The flame propagation parameters of aluminum nanopowder in the bulk layer were investigated. The aluminum nanopowder produced by the method of the electrical explosion of wires used in this study. The aluminum bulk layer was ignited by open flame, heated body, or electric spark. The flame propagation behavior is described as a two-stage process: 1) flame propagation over the surface layer and deep into the sample; 2) the thermal explosion mode. It was found that the type of ignition source influences the parameters of the first stage of the combustion. The minimum ignition energy for the aluminum nanopowder bulk layer was measured. The effect of the bulk layer inclination angle on flame propagation parameters was determined. The obtained results can be useful in assessing the fire hazard and organizing safe processes of industrial production during the use, storage, handling, and transportation of metal nanopowders.