极端嗜热厌氧纤维素菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及其酶学性质的研究

从云南高温温泉、油井等热源地区采集的大量样品中,获得了一株特殊的极端嗜热厌氧纤维素分解菌B2.分离菌株直杆,革兰氏阴性(G-),未观察到孢子,细胞单个或成对出现.菌体大小为0.4μm×(2-4)μm,严格厌氧,生长温度范围50-70℃,最适生长温度65℃.pH范围4-8,最适pH 7.0.在纤维素粉琼脂上菌落直径2-4 mm,乳白色.分离菌株能利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、松子糖、淀粉、覃糖等作为碳源,分离菌株还可利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆.发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸.在菌株B2的纤维素酶系中,C1酶、Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适温度分别为80℃、80℃和70℃,其比值为1:9:10,同时发现Cx酶具有较高的热稳定性.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株B2与Thermoanaerobacter ethanalicus具有99.8％相似性.分离菌株B2为Thermoanaerobacter属.图5表3参21     

硝基苯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从化工厂污水处理池污泥中分离到一株能高效降解硝基苯的菌株XY-1,通过形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株能以硝基苯为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长,硝基苯初始浓度为200 mg/L时,20 h降解率可达97%.该菌在温度25～35℃、pH 7.0～9.0范围内均能高效降解硝基苯,并且对对氯硝基苯、对氯苯胺也有良好的降解效果.测序分析表明,克隆到了该菌中的硝基苯还原酶基因,推测该菌的降解途径是硝基苯部分还原途径.图6参19     

一株兼性嗜冷小甲烷粒菌的生物学特性及系统发育分析

采用改进的亨盖特(Hungate)厌氧技术,从西藏林芝厌氧消化系统中分离到一株产甲烷菌菌株LZ-6.该菌株为革兰氏阴性,不运动,球形,直径约0.3～0.6μm.该菌株利用H2/CO2,微利用甲酸生长,不利用乙酸、甲醇、甲醇/H2、三甲胺、甲胺,最适生长pH为6.8～7.2,最适生长温度25℃,最适Na+浓度0.2mol/L.菌株LZ-6的16SrRNA基因序列与小甲烷粒菌(Methanocorpusculum parvum)相似性为99%.生理、形态结构特征等生物学特性研究表明此株产甲烷古菌为兼性嗜冷产甲烷古菌.     

从油田分离的两株嗜热产孢子硫酸盐还原菌系统进化分析

为了寻找极端微生物资源,将来自油田环境的微生物作为研究对象,分离得到两株硫酸盐还原菌.菌株CW02来自于油田联合污水处理站里的地面污水,兼性厌氧,能在pH为2.8的酸性培养基中生长,耐受最高矿化度为30.0g/L,最高生长温度为48℃,可利用苯环化合物为唯一碳源生长.菌株CW03取自于4000多米深原油井的原油分离水中,严格厌氧,不耐酸,能够在68℃的温度下生长,可利用较短碳链的有机化合物.两株菌都是直或弯的杆状,革兰氏阳性,有极生鞭毛,产孢子.通过16SrDNA测序以及在线的Blast系列比对分析:两株菌均属于细菌界(Bacteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),梭菌纲(Clostridia),梭菌目(Clostridiales),蛋白胨链球菌科Peptococcaceae,脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum),与该属中的种Desulfotomaculumnigrificans和Desulfotomaculumaeronauticumd相似性达到98%.但是通过多重序列比对构建进化树的方法分析发现,菌株CW03属于古细菌界,与古细菌界的古生球菌属进化距离较近.图5表2参32     

一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶真菌的特性及产酶条件优化

从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8～10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.     

一株脱硫菌的鉴定及其对H2S的降解能力

取污水处理厂有生物活性的污泥,经富集培养、分离纯化得到1株脱硫活性较高的菌株CTD843-T-3,将其载入生物滴滤塔中对H2S进行连续脱硫反应.当最佳反应温度为30℃、pH为6.0、H2S进口浓度为500～3000mg·m-3时,菌株对H2S的去除率可保持在92％以上,H2S最高负荷率可达6.5g·m-3·h-1.通过形态生理特征和16SrDNA序列分析对CTD843-T-3进行鉴定,结果表明该菌株为椭球状,大小为0.4～0.6μm,为革兰阴性菌,属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).     

低温纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

对内蒙古部分地区土壤中低温降解纤维素的微生物进行研究,以期获得一些高酶活的低温纤维素酶产生菌.采用纯培养的方法,在10℃下培养获得纯培养物.以细菌16S rDNA通用引物PCR扩增后进行序列同源性比对确定种属.以DNS法测定纤维素酶活性,并对酶活较高的菌株进行产酶条件的优化.结果共分离得到55株可低温降解纤维素的菌株,16S rDNA序列分析表明它们分别属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)以及β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria).该55株菌的纤维素酶活性均在22℃下最高.其中菌株CF11在10℃下的酶活在分离得到的55株细菌中最高.通过优化,菌株CF11产纤维素酶的最佳条件初步确定为pH值为6.5,培养时间为10 d,并且是以酵母提取物作为氮源,其纤维素酶活为58.091 IU.因此菌株CF11是一株极具开发潜力的低温纤维素酶产生菌.     

一株嗜碱产甲烷八叠球菌的分离鉴定与系统发育分析

在15℃条件下用产甲烷菌培养基对采自四川省红原县的牦牛粪进行富集培养,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术从富集培养物中分离得到一株在8~45℃范围生长、最适生长pH为8.5的嗜碱产甲烷菌T13.该菌株革兰氏染色阳性,细胞聚集体,在液体培养基中为肉眼可见的颗粒状物,在固体培养基上菌落为淡黄色桑葚状;可利用甲醇、乙酸盐和甲胺作为唯一碳源生长;对氯霉素和庆大霉素敏感;生长pH范围为6.5~9.5;最适NaCl浓度为0~0.15 mol L-1;最适生长温度为30℃.形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析表明菌株T13为梅氏产甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina mazei).由于该菌最适生长pH为8.5,所以初步认为菌株T13是一株梅氏产甲烷八叠球菌的新菌株.     

甲苯降解菌JB-1的分离、鉴定与降解特性

从南京石化废水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能以甲苯为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为JB-1.根据其生理生化特征和16SrDNA(GenBank Accession No. EU869278)序列相似性分析,将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株在18h内能完全降解346.4mg/L的甲苯.降解甲苯的最适温度为30℃,pH为7.0,降解速率与初始接种量呈正相关.甲苯降解途径是通过甲苯双加氧酶形成顺甲苯二氢二醇,再经邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶开环降解.     

一株生长pH较宽的产甲烷菌分离与系统发育分析

采用Hungate厌氧操作技术.从造纸厂阴沟污泥中分离到一株生长pH范围为5.5～9.5的产甲烷菌株SH4.该菌对酸碱具有良好的适应性,培养3 d后,在初始pH值6.0～8.0的培养基中甲烷产量相差不大,且基本达到最大产量.SH4革兰氏染色阳性,短杆状,多数单生,不运动;菌落近圆形,微黄;利用H2+CO2或甲酸盐作为唯一碳源生长,不利用乙酸盐,对氯霉素非常敏感.该菌最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为35 oC,最适NaCl浓度为0～1.5%.实验表明,与仅添加厌氧污泥作为接种物相比,添加SH4菌液可使产甲烷启动时间缩短1/3,甲烷总产量亦有大幅提高.形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌为嗜树木甲烷短杆菌(Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus).图8参16     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.