棉花阴燃和明火燃烧特性的对比研究

利用锥形量热仪,选取不同辐射强度,分别在使用和不使用点火器条件下,对棉花进行了热辐射引燃实验,发现在热辐射强度大于6kW/m2的情况下,使用点火器时棉花发生明火燃烧,不使用点火器时棉花发生阴燃燃烧。实验分别测得了在两种燃烧形式下的引燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率一氧化碳生成率,结果表明:无论是发生阴燃还是明火燃烧,引燃时间均随着辐射强度的增加而减小,且引燃时间平方根的倒数与辐射强度成线性关系;热释放速率、质量损失速率的峰值和平均值均随辐射强度的增加而增加,但在同一辐射强度下,明火燃烧的峰值和均值均比阴燃燃烧时的大;明火燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而减小,阴燃燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而增加。     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅱ) 氧化剂盐粒子的大小及微观结构对沥青固化物的固—液表面氧化还原反应特性的影响

就不同粒径及微观构造的氧化剂盐粒子制备的沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性用高感度量热仪(C80微量量热仅)进行了测定.结果表明,当氧化剂盐粒子的微观构造基本相同时,随粒径的减小,制作的沥青固化物的反应开始温度向低温方向偏移,低温领域的发热量增大.当粒径的大小及其分布基本相同时,沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性随粒子的微观构造的不同表现出较大的差异,由针状结晶构成的多孔状粒子制成的沥青固化物的反应开始温度低、低温领域的发热量较大.     

不同热辐射强度下秸秆燃烧特性实验研究

为了探讨秸秆在不同规模火灾中的燃烧特性,采用锥形量热仪测得秸秆点燃时间、热释放速率、一氧化碳产生率等参数进行模拟实验,结合热重分析法研究秸秆的热解过程。结果表明:随着辐射强度的升高,秸秆由阴燃向明火转化,热释放速率、烟释放速率随之加快,缩短了点燃时间并降低了CO等有毒气体排放速率。热重分析得到秸秆在各个温度段下的反应情况,解释了在不同辐射强度下秸秆点燃性能实验现象及其反应机理,为防止火灾事故发生提供了可靠的理论依据。     

Influence of ignition position and obstacles on explosion development in methane–air mixture in closed vessels

The paper outlines an experimental study of influence of the ignition position and obstacles on explosion development in premixed methane–air mixtures in an elongated explosion vessel. As the explosion vessel, 1325 mm length tube with 128.5 mm diameter was used. Location of the ignition was changeable, i.e., fitted in the centre or at one of ends of the tube, when the tube was in a horizontal position. When it was in a vertical position, three locations of the ignition (bottom, centre and top) were used. In the performed study, the influence of obstacles on the course of pressure was investigated. Two identical steel grids were used as the obstacles. They were placed 405 mm from either end of the tube. Their blockage ratio (grid area to tube cross-section area) was determined as 0.33 for most of experiments. A few additional experiments (with smaller blockage ratio—0.16) were also conducted in order to compare the influence of the blockage ratio on the explosion development. Also some experiments were conducted in a semi-cylindrical vessel with volume close to 40 l.

All the experiments were performed under stabilized conditions, with the temperature and pressure inside the vessel settled to room values and controlled by means of electronic devices. The pressure–time profiles from two transducers placed in the centreline of the inner wall of the explosion vessel were obtained for stoichiometric (9.5%), lean (7%) and rich (12%) methane–air mixture. The results obtained in the study, including maximum pressures and pressure–time profiles, illustrate a quite distinct influence of the above listed factors upon the explosion characteristics. The effect of ignition position, obstacles location and their BR parameters is discussed.

The additional aim of the performed experiments was to find the data necessary to validate a new computer code, developed to calculate an explosion hazard in industrial installations.     

Modeling of n-butane ignition, combustion, and preflame oxidation in the 20-l vessel

The objective of the study reported herein is to simulate various physical and chemical phenomena accompanying fuel-rich n-butane–oxygen mixture preparation, ignition, preflame oxidation, and combustion in the standard 20-l explosion vessel, by applying mathematical models. Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the mixing process and natural convection of the ignition kernel, as well as on the analysis of the detailed reaction mechanism of n-butane oxidation, laminar flame propagation, and self-ignition, possible explanations for the phenomena observed experimentally have been suggested. The results of the study indicate that seemingly inflammable mixtures can become hazardous depending on the mixture preparation procedure and forced ignition timing.     

样品尺寸对热塑性聚氨酯燃烧性能的影响研究

采用锥形量热仪对不同尺寸的热塑性聚氨酯材料进行小尺寸燃烧试验研究,获得了点燃时间、热释放速率、烟气释放速率及燃烧特性指数等参数,分析了样品尺寸对其燃烧性能的影响.结果表明:点燃时间随着材料厚度的增加而延长;材料厚度的增加加长了内部导热过程,使热释放速率峰值和烟气释放速率峰值增大,到达峰值的时间延长;燃烧特性指数中火灾增...     

不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明：当外部辐射≥40 kW/m²时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m²时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯(TDI)和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为(20±2),(28±3) kJ/g。     

An influence of oxygen content in an oxidizing atmosphere on inhibitive action of fluorinated agents on a hydrogen flame

An experimental investigation of the influence of inhibitors of various chemical natures on flammability limits in mixtures H₂+oxidizer (O₂+N₂)–suppressant (C₂HF₅; CHF₃; C₄F₁₀; inhibitor AKM, which is a mixture of olefins) was carried out. Compositions of N₂ and O₂ with elevated (25 vol%) and reduced (15 vol%) oxygen concentrations and air were used as oxidizing atmospheres. Experiments were done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Flammability limits were determined in a closed vessel of volume of 4.2 dm³ (internal diameter 20 cm). Mixtures were prepared immediately in the preliminary evacuated reaction vessel by partial pressures. The mixtures were ignited by an electrical spark of energy near 1 J in the center of the reaction vessel. A flame propagation was detected by a pressure transducer. Twelve flammability curves were measured, which allowed to compare effectiveness of the inhibitors at various oxygen contents in the atmosphere. A qualitative analysis of the obtained results was done, which showed an important role of an inhibitor regeneration.     

彩虹粉引燃危险性实验研究

为了研究彩虹粉引燃危险性,应用固体燃烧速率试验仪初步甄别了彩虹粉传播燃烧能力,发现堆垛状彩虹粉固体火焰传播危险性较低;采用粉尘爆炸筛选装置,判定彩虹粉具有爆炸性;应用最小点火能测定装置测定彩虹粉粉尘云的最小点火能在24~60 mJ之间,最优爆炸浓度为1 167 g/m3;应用快速筛选量热仪测试,彩虹粉在227℃开始分解;固体自燃点测试仪显示彩虹粉在250℃附近会发生自燃。向彩虹粉内添加不同比例相近粒径分布的食用盐粉体进行抑爆研究,结果证明食用盐对彩虹粉具有明显的抑爆效果。     

阻燃剂对棉布和地毯热解燃烧性能的影响研究

研究了氢氧化铝和三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐对棉布和地毯热解和燃烧行为,考察了阻燃剂添加量对棉布和地毯点燃时间、热解速度和火焰持续时间的影响,并利用锥形量热仪测定了添加阻燃剂前后材料在点燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率和CO释放速率的变化,结果表明海水中添加10%的Al(OH)3和MCA可显著降低棉布和地毯的热解速度及热释放速率.     

Influence of inert materials on the self-ignition of flammable dusts

Flammable solid bulk materials, including dusts, often undergo spontaneous combustion and the spread of reaction fronts. By addition of inert substances, the ignition and combustion behavior can be influenced. In a series of experiments different types of coal were mixed with inert powders to study the effect of the composition on the self-ignition temperature and on the formal kinetic parameters.Hot storage tests as well as simultaneous-thermal analysis were used as experimental techniques with the latter being coupled to FTIR measurements to analyze the composition of gaseous reaction products.All conducted hot storage experiments led to the conclusion that the self-ignition temperature was increased by admixing inert material if the decomposition temperature of the inert matter was higher than the self-ignition temperature of the combustible component at the sample characteristic length. If (exothermic) decomposition of the inert material occurred before a noticeable growth of reaction rate of the combustible material, even a reduction in the self-ignition temperature could be observed. In addition, significantly higher maximum reaction temperatures were observed for the mixtures than for the combustible material alone.     

QSPR在混合物典型燃爆特性预测中的研究进展

为全面了解定量结构-性质关系（QSPR）方法在混合物燃爆特性预测中的研究现状,展望其发展趋势,综述其在混合物闪点、爆炸极限与自燃温度预测中的国内外研究进展,分析预测目标参数的选择、数据收集、描述符计算和筛选以及模型建立和验证等方面的不足与研究方向。结果表明:QSPR在混合物燃爆特性预测中尚处于起步阶段,当前研究的首要限制是混合物燃爆特性参数实验数据样本不足,关键点及难点是混合物结构的准确表征,未来研究应关注的重点是大量数据源统一的数据样本的获取方法、非加和性混合物分子描述符的计算方法以及机器学习等非线性建模方法。     

基于正交试验的谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素研究

为了研究谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素，以可食用玉米淀粉为研究对象，通过ZY6243锥形量热仪（CONE）进行了单因素和正交试验，研究了粉尘粒径、惰性介质CaCO3质量分数、热辐射通量对玉米淀粉燃烧特性的影响效应。应用直观分析法和方差分析法定性地研究了各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度并进行了排序，2种方法得出的结论基本一致。研究结果表明:各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度依次为:CaCO3质量分数＞粉尘粒径＞热辐射通量；其中惰性介质CaCO3对热释放速率峰值和引燃时间的影响最为显著。     

辐射热流条件下多层电缆着火的数值模拟

通过CFD计算软件对锥形量热燃烧实验条件下的多层电缆着火性能进行数值模拟计算,对比相应CONE电缆燃烧实验结果,其计算结果表明所建立的电缆模型所得计算结果能够较好预测电缆着火时间。在此基础上,对护套层、绝缘层厚度、线芯层直径等参数对着火时间的影响进行了分析,发现护套层厚度对着火时间影响最大,线芯层对着火时间影响较小;当护套层及绝缘层厚度达到一定数值之后,电缆着火时间将不再发生变化。另外,因为电缆由多层热特性各异的材料组成,不能简单的划分为热薄材料或者热厚材料,但就所模拟电缆而言,其着火时间在不同的热辐射强度下分别表现出与热薄材料或者热厚材料相似的变化规律。     

Study of the explosion parameters of vapor–liquid diethyl ether/air mixtures

The knowledge of the vapor–liquid two-phase diethyl ether (DEE)/air mixtures (mist) on the explosion parameters was an important basis of accident prevention. Two sets of vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations were obtained with Sauter mean diameters of 12.89 and 22.90 μm. Experiments were conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at an ignition energy of 40.32 J and at an initial room temperature and pressure of 21 °C and 0.10 MPa, respectively. The effects of the concentration and particle size of DEE on the explosion pressure, the explosion temperature, and the lower and upper flammability limits were analyzed. Finally, a series of experiments was conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at various ignition energies. The minimum ignition energies were determined, and the results were discussed. The results were also compared against our previous work on the explosion characteristics of vapor–liquid two-phase n-hexane/air mixtures.     

纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫制备研究*

为更好地解决煤矿采空区煤炭自燃问题,以十二烷基硫酸钠为主体进行发泡剂复配,通过泡沫性能测试实验,研制出高性能发泡剂。以纳米氢氧化铝作为固相颗粒,制备出发泡倍数高、稳定性强的纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫,使用锥形量热仪研究其高温阻燃能力和消烟性能。实验结果表明:当纳米氢氧化铝的质量分数从0提高到1%时,泡沫体积从500 mL增长至830 mL;当质量分数从3%提高到4%时,泡沫析液半衰期由15 min提升至42 min,且能在完全析液后保留三维网状结构。在高温阻燃和消烟能力方面,纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫的加入将点燃时间从24 s延长至87 s,持续燃烧时间从835 s缩短至325 s,热释放速率高峰值从97.2 kW/m2降低至49.8 kW/m2,烟气生成速率峰值从0.064 m2/s降低至0.012 m2/s,对CO,CO2释放速率也有一定抑制作用。     

球形压力容器中甲烷-氢气-空气爆炸过程数值模拟及实验研究

为研究受限空间内甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸特性参数分布规律,在20 L球形压力容器装置内开展甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸实验,探究掺氢比变化对当量比为1的甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸过程的影响;运用Fluent数值模拟软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,结合层流有限速率燃烧模型,探究混合气体爆炸过程中燃烧特性(爆炸温度、压力、密度等)与反应时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：爆炸过程中,添加一定氢气时爆炸压力峰值、爆炸压力上升速率峰值增大,而到达峰值时间缩短;反应初期,中心点火处密度下降,反应釜各处密度持续上升;距离点火点越远,密度变化越大,反应釜中压力分布基本相同。研究结果可为甲烷-氢气-空气混合燃料的安全使用提供相关参考。     

Investigation of ammonium nitrate based emulsion ignition characteristic

This paper presents an analysis of the observed ignition behaviors of ammonium nitrate (AN) and emulsion explosives (EE). Pure AN and EE locally ignited by a heat source do not undergo sustained combustion when the pressure is lower than some threshold value usually called the Minimum Burning Pressure (MBP). A reason for pure AN's and EE's incapable of burning was suggested, and the roles of sample water, inorganic salts, oil phase, and sensitizer were discussed. Accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) was used to study the thermal stability of EE and AN. The results also showed that MBP is of vital importance and useful for the manufacture and application of AN and EE in terms of accident prevention.     

Explosibility of hydrogen–graphite dust hybrid mixtures

To evaluate the hazard of combined hydrogen/dust explosions under severe accident conditions in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), standard method of 20-L-sphere was used to measure the explosion indices of 4-μm fine graphite dust in lean hydrogen/air mixtures. The mixtures were ignited by a weak electric spark. The tested fuel concentrations were 8–18 vol% H₂ and 25–250 g/m³ dust. If the hydrogen content is higher than 10 vol%, the dust constituent can be induced to explode by the hydrogen explosion initiated by a weak electric spark. Depending on the fuel component concentrations, the explosions proceed in either one or two stages. In two-stage explosions occurring at low hydrogen and dust concentrations, the mixture ignition initiates first a fast hydrogen explosion followed by a slower phase of the dust explosion. With increasing dust concentration, the dust explodes faster and can overlap the hydrogen-explosion stage. At higher hydrogen concentrations, the hybrid mixtures explode in one stage, with hydrogen and dust reacting at the same time scale. Maximum overpressures of hybrid explosions are higher than those observed with hydrogen alone; maximum rates of pressure rise are lower in two-phase explosions and, generally, higher in one-stage explosions, than those characteristic of the corresponding H₂/air mixtures.     

密度对聚氨酯软泡收缩及燃烧行为的影响

采用锥形量热仪研究不同密度聚氨酯软泡(FPUF)的燃烧行为,并根据摄像、体视显微镜所观察的样品形体及泡孔结构的变化来研究火灾条件下FPUF的收缩特性。研究结果表明,收缩是表层泡孔受热发生热解生成焦油所致的泡孔塌缩现象,焦油层下方泡孔结构基本没有变化;FPUF密度越大着火前的收缩速率越小,同一时刻表层泡孔热解生成的焦油层越薄。FPUF的着火燃烧可分为受热收缩、燃烧收缩和池火燃烧三个阶段。中高密度样品HRR曲线先出现平台后出现峰值,分别对应于燃烧收缩和池火阶段,且密度越大HRR曲线的平台越低、峰值越高,燃烧收缩阶段的FIGRA越小,而池火燃烧阶段的FIGRA越大。着火前的快速收缩导致低密度样品的HRR曲线不出现平台只呈现单峰。