Effect of NOx and SO2 on the photooxidation of methylglyoxal: Implications in secondary aerosol formation

Methylglyoxal(CH_3COCHO,MG),which is one of the most abundant α-dicarbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,has been reported as a major source of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this work,the reaction of MG with hydroxyl radicals was studied in a 500 L smog chamber at(293±3) K,atmospheric pressure,(18±2)% relative humidity,and under different NOx and SO_2.Particle size distribution was measured by using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and the results showed that the addition of SO_2 can promote SOA formation,while different NOx concentrations have different influences on SOA production.High NOx suppressed the SOA formation,whereas the particle mass concentration,particle number concentration and particle geometric mean diameter increased with the increasing NOx concentration at low NOx concentration in the presence of SO_2.In addition,the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MG and the functional groups of the particle phase in the MG/OH/SO_2 and MG/OH/NOx/SO_2 reaction systems were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and attenuated total reflection fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) analysis.Two products,glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid,were detected by GC-MS.The mechanism of the reaction of MG and OH radicals that follows two main pathways,H atom abstraction and hydration,is proposed.Evidence is provided for the formation of organic nitrates and organic sulfate in particle phase from IR spectra.Incorporation of NOx and SO_2 influence suggested that SOA formation from anthropogenic hydrocarbons may be more efficient in polluted environment.     

Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from dry gas stream using non-thermal plasma

In order to investigate the feasibility of sequential removal NO and SO_2 using non-thermal plasma and adsorbent simultaneously,the removal of NO and SO_2 from dry gas stream(NO/SO_2/N_2/O_2)with very little O_2 using non-thermal plasma was investigated using a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge.Comparative experiments were carried out in the dry gas stream with and without Ar respectively at O_2 concentration of 0.1%.The results showed that NO could be removed remarkably and it would be enhanced in the presence of Ar in the dry gas stream.It seems that SO_2 could not be removed unless there is Ar in the dry gas stream.The mechanism of removal of NO and SO_2 in the dry gas stream was discussed.     

Sorption of BTEX mixtures to organobenonites

Organobentonites synthesized by replacing the metal ions in bentonite with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) or tetramethylammonium cation(TMA) were investigated for their behaviors to sorb benzene, toluene, pxylene from water. The results served to distinguish the sorption mechanisms (adsorption or partition) of the two types of organobentonites. Bentonites modified with short-chain alkyl functional groups(e, g., TMA) sorb organic contaminants primarily by an adsorption process, in which the sorbed amount decreases with increasing steric hindrance of the organic compound and the process exhibits a competitive effect because of steric hindrance in multisolute systems. In contrast, the sorption of contaminants to organobentonites modified with long-chain alkyl groups (e. g., CTMA) occurs by partition process without exhibiting a competitive effect, and the additional organic compounds may induce a cosorptive effect. In the latter case, the measured distribution coefficients of organic compounds between organobentonites and water( log Kd ) are positively correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients of the compounds (logKow) and the sorption process exhibits no competitive effect in multi-solute systems.     

Biological treatment of fish processing wastewater: A case study from Sfax City (Southeastern Tunisia)

The present work presents a study of the biological treatment of fish processing wastewa at salt concentration of 55 g/L. Wastewater was treated by both continuous stirred-ta reactor(CSTR) and membrane bioreactor(MBR) during 50 and 100 days, respectively. Th biological processes involved salt-tolerant bacteria from natural hypersaline environme at different organic loading rates(OLRs). The phylogenetic analysis of the correspond excised DGGE bands has demonstrated that the taxonomic affiliation of the most domin species includes Halomonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae families of the Proteobacteria(Gamm proteobacteria class) and the Bacteroidetes phyla, respectively. The results of MBR w better than those of CSTR in the removal of total organic carbon with efficiencies from 97 to 98.6%. Nevertheless, salinity with increasing OLR aggravates fouling that requires m cleaning for a membrane in MBR while leads to deterioration of sludge settleability a effluent quality in CSTR.     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

The quantitative fractions of conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes with initial moisture of 70% sorted from municipal solid wastes(MSW)in lysimeters into biogas,leachate and solid residue were characterized,under temperatures of 25,30 and 41℃,respectively,and circulation of leachate generated within the lysimeters.It is found that 27% of organic carbon in the wastes are conversed into gases,0.8% into leachate,and the other 72% remained in the decomposable solid residues,after 180 days‘ degradation at 41℃. Higher temperature will lead to monr rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to boty solid residues and leachate,while the pollutant concentrations in leachate will be lower at a higher temperature and values of COD are quite consistent with TOC.     

Tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities retrieved from ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements at Shangdianzi regional atmospheric background station in China

Ground-basedMulti-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS)measurements were performed at Shangdianzi(SDZ)regional atmospheric background station in northern China from March 2009 to February 2011.The tropospheric NO_2vertical column densities(VCDs)were retrieved to investigate the background condition of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei developed economic circle in China.The seasonal variation of mean NO_2tropospheric VCDs(VCD_(Trop))at SDZ is apparent,with the maximum(1.3×10~(16)molec/cm~2)in February and the minimum(3.5×10~(15)molec/cm~2)in August,much lower than those observed at the Beijing city center.The average daytime diurnal variations of NO_2VCD_(Trop )are rather consistent for all four seasons,presenting the minimum at noon and the higher values in the morning and evening.The largest and lowest amplitudes of NO_2VCD_(Trop)diurnal variation appear in winter and in summer,respectively.The diurnal pattern at SDZ station is similar to those at other less polluted stations,but distinct from the ones at the urban or polluted stations.Tropospheric NO_2VCDs at SDZ are strongly dependent on the wind,with the higher values being associated with the pollution plumes from Beijing city.Tropospheric NO_2VCDs derived from ground-based MAX-DOAS at SDZ show to be well correlated with corresponding OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument)satellite products with a correlation coefficient R=0.88.However,the OMI observations are on average higher than MAX-DOAS NO_2VCDs by a factor of 28%,probably due to the OMI grid cell partly covering the south of SDZ which is influenced more by the pollution plumes from the urban areas.     

Arsenic retention and transport behavior in the presence of typical anionic and nonionic surfactants

The massive production and wide use of surfactants have resulted in a large amount of surfactant residuals being discharged into the environment,which could have an impact on arsenic behavior.In the present study,the influence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether(Triton X-100) on arsenic behavior was investigated in batch and column tests.The presence of SDBS and Triton X-100 reduced arsenic retention onto ferrihydrite(FH),enhanced arsenic transport through FH coated sand(FH-sand) columns and promoted arsenic release from the FH surface.With coexisting surfactants in solution,the equilibrium adsorbed amount of arsenic on FH decreased by up to 29.7% and the adsorption rate decreased by up to 52.3%.Pre-coating with surfactants caused a decrease in the adsorbed amount and adsorption rate of arsenic by up to 15.1% and 58.3%,respectively.Because of the adsorption attenuation caused by surfactants,breakthrough of As(Ⅴ) and As(Ⅲ) with SDBS in columns packed with FH-sand was 23.8% and 14.3%faster than that in those without SDBS,respectively.In columns packed with SDBS-coated FH-sand,transport of arsenic was enhanced to a greater extent.Breakthrough of As(Ⅴ) and As(Ⅲ) was 52.4% and 43.8% faster and the cumulative retention amount was 44.5% and 57.3% less than that in pure FH-sand column systems,respectively.Mobilization of arsenic by surfactants increased with the increase of the initial adsorbed amount of arsenic.The cumulative release amount of As(Ⅴ) and As(Ⅲ) from the packed column reached 10.8% and 36.0%,respectively.     

Co~(2+)掺杂和Co~(2+)-Ni~(2+)共掺杂对TiO_2光催化性能的影响

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂钴离子和钴、镍离子共掺杂的复合纳米粒子二氧化钛光催化剂,以甲基橙的脱色降解为探针反应,评价了光催化剂的光催化活性,研究了不同掺杂量以及掺杂粒子不同时,对光催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明:当钴的掺杂量在0.2%时,光催化剂的活性最佳,而钴镍共掺杂的掺杂量在0.4%时,光催化剂的活性最好,且钴掺杂的催化活性比钴镍掺杂的更有效。     

Zn~(2+)-S~(2-)-H_2O系热力学平衡研究

根据配位化学热力学平衡原理,绘制了温度为298.15K时Zn2+-S2--H2O系pC-pH热力学平衡状态图。结果表明:ZnS溶解平衡时,随着pH值的增加,ZnS的溶解度先减少后增加,当pH值为8.36时,ZnS的溶解度最小,为10-7.69mol/L;Zn(OH)2溶解平衡时,随着pH值的增加,Zn(OH)2的溶解度也呈现先减少后增加,当pH值在9.41时Zn(OH)2的溶解度最小,为10-5.61mol/L;体系中ZnS和Zn(OH)2二者固相溶解平衡时,当S2-Zn2(+mol)时,pH在0～14范围内只生成ZnS沉淀,不会产生Zn(OH)(2s)物质。研究结果可为硫化沉淀法去除废水中锌等技术提供理论依据。     

4A分子筛去除水中Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cu2+性能和机理

文章通过采用SEM、XRD、FTIR分析4A分子筛吸附重金属离子Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)前后形貌和结构的变化,探讨了这4种重金属离子在4A分子筛上的吸附性能和机制。研究结果表明:4A分子筛吸附Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)后,分子筛的形貌和结构未发生改变,吸附Zn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)后,4A分子筛表面有氢氧化物沉淀附着;吸附Cu~(2+)后,4A分子筛的XRD特征衍射峰消失,表明其晶相结构发生了改变,转化为无定形,此外,属于4A分子筛骨架的部分红外特征吸收峰减弱至几乎消失;Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)在4A分子筛上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大吸附量分别为2.818、2.514、2.317、1.877 mmol/g,而拟二级动力学吸附速率常数Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+)Cu~(2+)Zn~(2+)。4A分子筛对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的去除机理主要为离子交换吸附和表面沉淀,对Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的去除则既有离子交换吸附和表面沉淀作用,又有化学沉淀作用。     

土著细菌协同土壤对渗滤液中Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的累积能力

采集衡阳市水口山铅锌矿区周边未被采矿影响的表层红色土壤,分离出土著细菌,采用动态吸附方法,开展空白土壤与细菌协同土壤吸附重金属的对比试验,研究土著细菌作用下土壤对渗滤液中的Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+累积能力。研究结果表明有细菌协同作用下的土壤比没有细菌协同的土壤对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附能力要大,其分别大97.6%、63.6%、51.9%,可见土著细菌对土壤累积重金属离子有促进作用。     

Pb~(2+)、Ni~(2+)在核桃壳上的竞争吸附研究

以核桃壳为吸附剂研究Pb2+、Ni2+在吸附剂上的动力学方程、吸附等温线及竞争吸附行为。研究表明,Pb2+、Ni2+在吸附剂上的吸附均满足拟二阶动力学方程,线性相关系数均高达0.99;Pb2+、Ni2+吸附平衡浓度满足Langmuir吸附等温方程。Pb2+、Ni2+竞争吸附表明吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附能力比Ni2+强。     

水泥-石灰对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)废水处理研究

采用普通硅酸盐水泥和实验室用石灰混合对重金属废水进行处理研究。配置单一重金属污染物的废液,初始p H=1,投加不同配比和不同量的水泥-石灰对废液进行处理,分别在5、10、15、20 min测水泥-石灰对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的去除率,记录溶液p H值变化并加以分析。结果表明,在250 m L废液中投加1.5 g水泥和0.6 g石灰,搅拌10 min,p H在5~7之间,Cu2+的去除率达到97%,Pb2+的去除率达到95%。同时在0~10 min,随着搅拌时间的增加重金属去除率急剧提高,但是在搅拌10 min之后,去除率增长趋势趋于平缓。整个过程p H值随着搅拌时间的增加而变大。     

UV-Fe~(3+)-Cu~(2+)-H_2O_2体系深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用UV-Fe3+-Cu2+-H2O2体系对长沙黑糜峰垃圾填埋场经过生化法处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行了二次深度处理,发现体系在T为30~50℃,H2O2体积分数为0.12 mL/L,Fe3+浓度为0.2 mmol/L,Cu2+浓度为0.2 mmol/L,t为60 min条件下,废水COD从500~700 mg/L降至50~60 mg/L,色度从100倍降至无色,达国家一级排放标准。UV-Fe3+-Cu2+-H2O2体系对成分复杂且难降解的废水具有很好的处理效果,弥补了Fenton和UV-Fenton对pH值的要求过严和催化剂难回收的缺点。