冬季沈阳市典型源排放PM10浓度分布模拟分析

选取沈阳市7个典型的大气污染源2006年12月～2007年2月的PM10排放浓度资料,利用CALPUFF对PM10浓度月平均分布做模拟分析。模拟结果分析表明：冬季月平均PM10浓度分布的范围与风场、地形有直接的关系。地势平坦、风速大时,污染物扩散范围大,污染物浓度小;地势不平、风速小时,污染物扩散范围小,污染物浓度大。1月份是沈阳市冬季月平均大气污染最严重的月份,污染物分布主要集中在市区的北部、东部和南部地区,东部地区大气污染最为严重。     

重庆市主城区冬季PM_(2.5)空间分布模拟

PM_(2.5)以其对环境空气质量及人类健康的巨大威胁而逐渐引起了专家学者的关注。以西南地区典型山地城市——重庆市主城区为研究区,利用多元线性回归方法和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,基于2013—2017年冬季(1、2、12月)原重庆市环境保护局发布的17个空气环境监测站点实测数据,同时考虑自然及社会经济因素,构建了基于多因素的多元回归模型,模拟了重庆市主城区2013—2017年冬季PM_(2.5)平均浓度的空间分布状况。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度受多因素的影响,其中缓冲半径1 500m内建设用地面积、1 000m内林地面积、2 500m内产业点密度、1 500m内道路长度及高程影响较大;通过多因素与PM_(2.5)浓度的相关性建立的回归模型,能有效模拟PM_(2.5)浓度的空间分布特点,重庆市主城区冬季PM_(2.5)平均浓度的空间分布呈现中西部高、北部和东南部较低的格局;2013—2017年冬季PM_(2.5)平均浓度有下降的趋势,2015年冬季下降幅度尤为明显。此研究结果对探讨PM_(2.5)浓度的空间分布特点有一定的应用价值,可为减轻空气PM_(2.5)污染及提高城市空气质量提供重要的科学依据。     

长江三角洲PM_(10)质量浓度遥感估算与时空分布特征

卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)已被广泛地应用于地面PM10遥感监测。为遥感监测长江三角洲地区PM10,利用2013年的MODIS/Terra AOT产品,考虑研究区36个空气质量监测站点的风速、温度、湿度和边界层高度等气象条件,构建了基于MODIS AOT产品估算PM10的模型。利用17个空气质量监测站点数据对模型进行散点拟合验证,结果表明,模型估算精度较高,春夏秋冬4个季节PM10质量浓度的模型估算值与地面监测值的相关系数R2值分别为0.72、0.76、0.69和0.72。利用模型估算的长时间序列PM10时空分布数据进行时空变化特征分析,结果表明:2000—2013年研究区PM10质量浓度呈增长趋势,月均增长量为0.077μg/m3,最大值出现在2月,为(107.2±22.0)μg/m3,最小值出现在8月,为(40.5±12.0)μg/m3;研究区PM10质量浓度空间分布差异显著,南部低,北部高,高值主要出现在由上海、杭州和南京构成的三角形区域的城市群中,而低值主要出现在南部远离城市的森林区域。结果表明,基于MODIS/Terra AOT产品和地面观测气象数据估算PM10的多元线性回归模型能较好地应用于区域PM10监测。     

区域大气环境中PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5/PM10空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5/PM10空间分布的研究.数据显示:相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0.95以上,而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同.文中给出了宁波市PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区.     

西安市燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的组分研究

为了解西安市燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物的组分情况,采用稀释通道采样,用滤膜采集了西安市3台链条炉排放颗粒物中的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),并利用离子色谱仪(IC)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和碳分析仪等分析了其中的主要组分。实验结果表明,燃煤锅炉排放颗粒物中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的主要组分有SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、Cl~-、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、Al、Si。Si、Ca等地壳元素在PM_(10)中所占比例多于PM_(2.5),而NO_3~-、NH_4~+、OC等二次生成物在PM_(2.5)中所占比例多于PM_(10)。对比PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)组分可以发现,同种组分在不同燃煤锅炉排放的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中分布差异很大,这可能与除尘、脱硝等工艺密切相关。研究内容对西安市大气颗粒物源解析工作具有重要的参考价值,为西安市颗粒物源解析项目积累了一定的经验。     

唐山农村地区冬季室内外PM_(2.5)浓度污染特征

为了解中国北方农村地区冬季室内外PM_(2.5)污染特征,选择河北唐山某农村燃煤与非燃煤室内外PM_(2.5)进行实验研究。结果表明:(1)燃煤采样点室内外PM_(2.5)分别为47.9~370.0、14.8~145.0μg/m~3,非燃煤采样点室内外PM_(2.5)分别为13.6~217.0、10.9~131.0μg/m~3。(2)室内外PM_(2.5)浓度具有一定的相关性。(3)采样期间的20d内,根据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准(PM_(2.5)24h均值限值为75μg/m~3),燃煤采样点室外PM_(2.5)超标率为10%,而非燃煤采样点为5%;根据GB 3095—2012一级标准(PM_(2.5)24h均值限值为35μg/m~3),燃煤采样点室外PM_(2.5)超标率为35%,而非燃煤采样点为20%;根据《建筑通风效果测试与评价标准》(JGJ/T 309—2013)规定室内PM_(2.5)的日均值应小于75μg/m~3,燃煤采样点室内PM_(2.5)超标率为65%,而非燃煤采样点为35%。     

空气中PM_(10)浓度的BP神经网络预报研究

建立了某市PM10浓度预报的分段BP神经网络模型,经验证,所建立的BP预报模型,预测精度比较高,PM10日平均浓度误差大多在-0．010～0．010mg／m^3范围内,相对误差在-20％～20％,表明BP神经网络对PM10的浓度预报是一种有效的工具。     

乌鲁木齐市PM_(2.5)浓度与气象条件耦合分析

为探究气象条件对污染物浓度的影响,于2013年10月至2014年10月在乌鲁木齐市主城区采集PM_(2.5)样品,并选取同期气象站监测的气象数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)乌鲁木齐市采暖期PM_(2.5)日均值平均达到84.70μg/m~3,超出了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中24h平均二级限值(75μg/m~3),是非采暖期(20.66μg/m~3)的4倍多。(2)采暖期风速、相对湿度、气温、水汽压与PM_(2.5)日均值极显著相关,非采暖期相对湿度与PM_(2.5)日均值极显著相关。     

兰州市PM_(10)输送途径与源区贡献的四季差异分析

利用混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹(HYSPLIT)模式对兰州市近16年逐日72h后向气流按季节聚类,结合PM_(10)浓度数据,分析气流来源与该市PM_(10)的关系,使用潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)法和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)法,探讨该市PM_(10)的潜在源区季节分布及其贡献特征。结果表明:总体而言,兰州市气流来源四季变化明显,不同来源气流对该市PM_(10)的贡献具有一定差异。潜在源区有明显的季节和空间变化。春季潜在源区主要分布在内蒙古西部、甘肃河西走廊、新疆东南部等地区,其中内蒙古西部、甘肃河西走廊地区对兰州市PM_(10)质量浓度贡献在125μg/m~3以上,新疆东南部地区贡献达到150μg/m~3。夏季四川北部、陕西中西部地区对PM_(10)质量浓度贡献在75μg/m~3以上。秋季潜在源区主要分布在青海北部、新疆东南部等地区,其中青海北部对兰州市PM_(10)质量浓度贡献在125μg/m~3以上,新疆东南部地区贡献在150μg/m~3以上。冬季潜在源区主要分布在青海北部、新疆东南部地区;其中青海北部地区贡献在150μg/m~3以上,新疆东南部地区贡献在175μg/m~3以上。     

西安市2013年PM_(2.5)浓度变化分析研究

全面分析2013年西安市13个国控环境空气质量自动监测子站PM2.5监测数据。结果表明:2013年西安市环境空气中PM2.5年均值为105μg/m3,超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级要求(35μg/m3)200.0%,污染较严重;西安市各子站PM2.5月均值总体呈两边高、中间低的"V"型趋势,全市及各子站PM2.5月均值分别为44~206、32~275μg/m3;采暖期(上半年采暖期为1—3月,下半年采暖期为11—12月)、非采暖期(4—10月)PM2.5平均值分别为156、70μg/m3;上、下半年采暖期PM2.5平均值分别为178、124μg/m3;西安市气象风力以微风为主,雨天集中在5—9月,期间PM2.5月均值小于80μg/m3。     

贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素的分布特征

为掌握贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素(PGE)的分布特征,采集7类主要污染源42个PM2.5样品,采用同位素稀释/电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量测定PGE中铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、铑(Rh)的含量.结果表明:(1)金属冶炼尘PM2.5中Pt、Pd、Rh平均值分别为2186.136、1239.827、346.172 ng/...     

南京市典型地区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中颗粒的微观形貌特征及其矿物组成

应用扫描电镜技术(SEM/EDX)对南京市两典型地区PM10中颗粒的微观形貌及其矿物组成进行了研究.结果表明,南京市大厂区(典型工业区)PM10中的颗粒多以形态规则矿物颗粒为主,山西路地区(典型商业区)PM10中的颗粒多以形态不规则出现,形态规则颗粒主要是碳酸盐、硫酸盐和铝硅酸盐矿物,形态不规则颗粒主要是烟尘结合体、生物质和原生矿物.     

潞城市大气PM10中化学元素分布特征

利用ICP-AES分析了潞城市采暖期和非采暖期4个不同功能区PM10样品中16种化学元素,对不同元素的时空分布特征进行了研究,并采用富集因子和主成分分析初步研究了潞城市PM10中元素的主要来源.结果表明,潞城市PM10中重金属污染较为严重,且各元素在采暖期的平均浓度均明显高于非采暖期.PM10中Ca、V、Cr、As、N...     

区域大气环境中PM2.5/PM10空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM_2.5/PM₁₀空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM_2.5/PM₁₀空间分布的研究。数据显示：相同路径所代表的地区PM_2.5和PM₁₀具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM_2.5与PM₁₀数据的相关系数平方在0.95以上,而不同路径上PM_2.5与PM₁₀的比值不同。文中给出了宁波市PM_2.5/PM₁₀污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM_2.5/PM₁₀污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区。     

Determination and analysis of PM10 source apportionment during episodes of air pollution in Central Eastern European urban areas: The case of wintertime 2006

Source apportionment of air pollution due to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀) was investigated in Central Eastern European urban areas. A combination of four methods was developed to distinguish long-range transport (LRT) and regional transport (RT) from local pollution (LP) sources as well as to discern the involvement of traffic or residential sources in LP. Sources of PM₁₀ events of pollution were determined in January 2006 in representative Polish cities using monitored air quality and meteorological data, backward air mass trajectories, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Daily patterns of PM₁₀ levels show that several peak episodes were registered in Poland; January 21–30th being the most polluted days. Air mass back-trajectory analysis shows that all cities were under the influence of LRT from North-eastern origins (Russia–Belarus–Ukraine), most were also under LRT from Southern origin (Slovakia, Czech Republic), and northern cities were under national RT influence. PCA analysis shows that ion-sums of secondary inorganic aerosols account for LRT pollution while arsenic and chromium represents markers of RT (industrial) and LP (residential) sources of PM₁₀, respectively. Determination of several ratios (REG/UB, REG/TRAF, TRAF/UB) calculated between PM₁₀ levels measured at regional background (REG); urban background (UB) and traffic (TRAF) monitoring sites shows that, with ratios REG/UB ≥ 0.57, PM₁₀ episodes in both Szczecin and Warsaw bore a marked RT origin. The lower REG/UB ≤ 0.35 in the Southern cities of Cracow and Zabrze indicates that LP was the main contributor to the observed episodes. Only PM₁₀ episodes in Southern-western Poland (Jelenia Góra) were clearly of LP origin as characterized, by the lowest REG/UB ratio (<0.2). The high TRAF/UB ratios obtained for all cities (close to 1) indicate that there was a great uniformity of PM levels on an urban scale owing to the meteorologically stagnant conditions. A high correlation between PM₁₀, NO₂ and CO confirms that traffic emission represented a common and an important LP source of urban pollution in most Polish cities during January 2006. On the other hand PM₁₀ which is also highly correlated with SO₂ in 4 cities out of 6, indicates that coal combustion through domestic heating or industrial activities was also an important LP source of PM₁₀. Finally, extremely unfavourable meteorological conditions caused by the influence of a Siberian high-pressure system were found to be associated with the occurrence of severe PM₁₀ episodes of pollution.     

The impacts of different kinds of dust events on PM10 pollution in northern China

In this study the frequencies of PM₁₀ (as key urban pollutant) in 14 key environmental protection cities in northern China were analyzed. It follows that the PM₁₀ concentration in the high-frequency period is higher with an extent 0.009–0.066 mg m⁻³ than in the low-frequency period of 2001–2002. Further the impacts of three kinds of dust events on the PM₁₀ concentration in four cities (Beijing, Hohhot, Xi’an and Lanzhou) were explored. The results showed that different kinds of dust events have different influences on variation of PM₁₀ concentration in these four cities. In Lanzhou and Hohhot, which are near the source areas of dust events, the contribution degree of these three dust events to the PM₁₀ is: floating dust>dust storm>blowing dust. Whereas, in Beijing and Xi’an situated in dust event passing areas, the mean value of PM₁₀ concentration is higher in blowing dust than in floating dust (no dust storm). In addition, the influences of dust events on PM₁₀ concentration are different in the cities on different dust event paths. In Beijing and Hohhot (on the northern path), the high PM₁₀ concentration is usually caused by blowing dust. But in both Lanzhou and Xi’an (on the western/northwestern path) the high PM₁₀ pollution concentration is usually caused by floating dust.     

基于LUR模型的PM2.5浓度空间分布监测及分析

为有效解决传统监测技术无法获取城市内部高分辨率PM_2.5浓度空间分布情况的问题,基于土地利用回归(land use regression,LUR)模型,以关中平原城市群为例模拟其PM_2.5空间分布状况,通过获取研究范围内54个监测站点的PM_2.5浓度数据,结合土地利用类型、气象、地形、植被指数、人口密度、交通和污染源等因素,分别建立春、夏、秋、冬及年均5个LUR模型。结果表明：LUR模型调整后各季节及年平均值的R²分别达到0.831 (春)、0.817 (夏)、0.874 (秋)、0.857 (冬)、0.900 (全年平均),5种模型拟合度均较好;采取交叉互验的方法进行了精度检验,显示5种模型的平均精度均达到80.4%,说明LUR模型在模拟关中平原城市群PM_2.5浓度空间分布时适用性良好。模拟结果显示,研究区各季节的PM_2.5浓度在空间分布上大致相同,呈现出东部高、西部低的明显特征,且空间分布状况受地形因素的影响较大。但在浓度均值的季节变化上则具有夏季低、冬季高的明显差异。本研究结果可为关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染防治提供科学依据,亦可为城市内部PM_2.5浓度空间分布数据的获取提供新思路。     

Estimation and validation of PM2.5/PM10 exhaust and non-exhaust emission factors for practical street pollution modelling

In order to carry out efficient traffic and air quality management, validated models and PM emission estimates are needed. This paper compares current available emission factor estimates for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from emission databases and different emission models, and validates these against eight high quality street pollution measurements in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria.The data sets show large variation of the PM concentration and emission factors with season and with location. Consistently at all roads the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emission factors are lower in the summer month than the rest of the year. For example, PM₁₀ emission factors are in average 5–45% lower during the month 6–10 compared to the annual average.The range of observed total emission factors (including non-exhaust emissions) for the different sites during summer conditions are 80–130 mg km⁻¹ for PM₁₀, 30–60 mg km⁻¹ for PM_2.5 and 20–50 mg km⁻¹ for the exhaust emissions.We present two different strategies regarding modelling of PM emissions: (1) For Nordic conditions with strong seasonal variations due to studded tyres and the use of sand/salt as anti-skid treatment a time varying emission model is needed. An empirical model accounting for these Nordic conditions was previously developed in Sweden. (2) For other roads with a less pronounced seasonal variation (e.g. in Denmark, Germany, Austria) methods using a constant emission factor maybe appropriate. Two models are presented here.Further, we apply the different emission models to data sets outside the original countries. For example, we apply the “Swedish” model for two streets without studded tyre usage and the “German” model for Nordic data sets. The “Swedish” empirical model performs best for streets with studded tyre use, but was not able to improve the correlation versus measurements in comparison to using constant emission factors for the Danish side. The “German” method performed well for the streets without clear seasonal variation and reproduces the summer conditions for streets with pronounced seasonal variation. However, the seasonal variation of PM emission factors can be important even for countries not using studded tyres, e.g. in areas with cold weather and snow events using sand and de-icing materials. Here a constant emission factor probably will under-estimate the 90-percentiles and therefore a time varying emission model need to be used or developed for such areas.All emission factor models consistently indicate that a large part (about 50–85% depending on the location) of the total PM₁₀ emissions originates from non-exhaust emissions. This implies that reduction measures for the exhaust part of the vehicle emissions will only have a limited effect on ambient PM₁₀ levels.     

首钢烧结厂PM10治理技术与经济分析

通过对首钢烧结厂的污染结点、污染物特性、污染物控制技术措施和技术规范进行分析,提出了烧结厂PM₁₀控制方案,对烧结厂采用高效除尘设备的PM₁₀削减量及改造费用进行了估算,确定了烧结厂PM₁₀治理技术方案排序,为钢铁企业烧结厂治理颗粒污染物的同时选择最为经济实用的除尘器类型提供理论依据。