城市绿地景观卫星遥感信息解译——以上海市为例

根据卫星遥感数据的特点,探讨了利用TM数据和SPOT数据对城市绿地景观进行分类的理论和方法,并据此,以上海市为例,把上海市外环线内650km^2范围的绿地景观分为公共绿地、居住区绿地、附属绿地、农林植被和自然植被5大类型,并将每一类型的绿地信息提取出来。     

遥感与GIS支持下的城市绿地信息提取方法研究--以深圳市为例

城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体，在城市系统中起着重要作用。传统的城市绿地调查多采用人工普查并结合统计学方法进行城市绿地调查，需要投入大量的人力和资金，但得到的数据精度和现时性都较差，而采用高分辨率遥感卫星数据与地理信息系统相结合的方法，可以达到对城市绿地遥感数据的快速特征提取和准确的空间统计分析。文章采用基于遥感和GIS相结合的方法，并以深圳市为例，进行了城市绿地特征提取方法的研究和应用分析。     

基于生态价值核算的重庆市区域生态补偿策略研究

生态系统服务功能是实施区域生态补偿最直接的依据.基于修正后的生态系统服务价值核算方法,对重庆市生态系统服务价值、生态补偿优先级及生态补偿额进行了核算,结果表明:1)重庆市2019年生态系统服务总价值8898.99亿元,水文调节和气候调节是最主要的生态系统服务价值类型;空间上,渝东北三峡库区城镇群生态系统服务价值占比达到...     

基于生态系统服务价值评估的东江流域生态补偿研究

生态补偿有利于协调区域经济发展与生态环境保护的关系。通过现场调研和数据分析,构建适用于东江流域的生态系统服务价值当量因子表,对东江流域生态系统服务价值进行评估,确定其生态补偿标准。引入生态补偿优先级(ECPS)指标对东江流域19县市生态补偿的迫切程度进行量化。结果表明:(1)东江流域生态系统服务总价值为1 711.41亿元,其中,森林生态系统价值占总价值的86.17%;一类生态服务中调节服务价值最显著;二类生态服务中水文调节功能价值最显著。(2)东江流域理论生态补偿总额度为1 047.26亿元,其中,森林生态系统补偿价值为880.21亿元,占总补偿额度的84.05%,是区域生态补偿的核心。(3)东江流域19县市生态补偿实际额度为68.73亿元,其中,东源县补偿额度最高,为16.76亿元。(4)东江流域19县市生态补偿优先级顺序为东源、安远、寻乌、紫金、新丰、连平、龙川、和平、定南、龙门、兴宁、惠东、博罗、惠阳、河源市区、惠州市区、增城市、东莞和深圳。     

城市绿地对小气候影响的研究进展

城市绿地对小气候的生态作用是研究城市绿地的重要问题.综述了国内外有关城市绿地对温度、湿度作用的研究报导,总结了城市绿地对温度、湿度影响的时空变化规律.目前城市绿地与温、湿度的关系多为定性研究,定量研究的技术与手段的局限使得定量研究还存在一定困难;城市绿地在美学、休憩等方面的潜在作用还无法定量研究;关于城市绿地群落结构与特性对小气候影响机制的研究还很少,这些都将是今后研究的重要方向.     

长春城市绿地植物群落生态脆弱度分析

以北方寒地城市长春市为例,提出城市绿地植物群落生态脆弱度计算方法,对长春城市各类绿地进行了详细的植物群落生态脆弱度分析,分别论述了景观效果、绿地结构、绿地养护及人工干扰与生态脆弱度的关系,指出建立科学合理的复合群落绿地是从根本上降低城市绿地生态脆弱度的唯一出路。     

城市绿地系统效益评价模型的构建与应用

从城市绿地建设水平偏低的原因分析入手，认为不具备成熟的城市绿地系统效益评价体系是主要原因。运用层次分析法，构建了城市绿地系统效益评价模型，对模型各组成部分进行了详细阐释。以模型对西安市绿地建设的影响为例，介绍了该模型的作用。最后，对模型的应用效果进行了总结，认为基于AHP法的城市绿地系统效益评价模型可有效解决城市绿地系统效益评价问题。     

我国自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建方法与实施途径研究

基于国家主体功能区划的自然保护区被界定为禁止开发区域,必然要对其进行科学有效地实施生态补偿。本文阐明对我国自然保护区实施生态补偿的必要性,分析生态补偿机制的构建路径,探讨生态补偿标准的确定方法,对生态补偿的方式类型及自然保护区生态补偿机制的实施途径进行深入研究。生态补偿机制的构建路径涉及补偿主体与对象、补偿标准与尺度、补偿方式与途径以及法律保障等内容。生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制建设中的重点与难点问题,需要依据生态保护者的直接投入与损失以及机会成本、生态破坏的恢复成本、生态受益者的获利、生态系统服务的价值等进行核算。其确定方法包括直接成本法、机会成本法、意愿调查法、市场法、生态系统服务功能价值法等。生态补偿的方式和途径是实施生态补偿机制的核心与关键,主要涉及政府与市场两种基本途径。对自然保护区这样的生态保护的重点功能区域,应该充分发挥政府的主导作用,中央与省级财政应加大纵向转移支付力度。同时,应积极引入市场机制,作为生态补偿机制建设的有益补充。     

中国现行湿地恢复补偿的制度悖论

科学合理的制度安排必然是建立在对现存制度不合理的批判之上。湿地恢复补偿制度改革必须以现行湿地恢复补偿制度的现实性存在为基础和出发点,通过对现行湿地恢复补偿制度设计的目标和制度缺陷进行理性分析,为新的湿地恢复补偿制度设计与安排提供价值坐标,以保障湿地恢复补偿制度价值的实现。现行湿地恢复补偿制度规定存在着合法性、合理性和权威性等诸多悖论,成为湿地恢复补偿实践产生冲突的制度根源,并已构成当前环境友好型和资源节约型社会实践推进的严重障碍。     

宁波市城市绿地系统建设

生态城市建设对生态环境有着更加严格的要求，能否拥有一个良好的城市绿地系统，将成为生态城市建设的一个重要内容。在对彩红外航空遥感绿化调查结果进行分析、研究的基础上，对宁波市城市绿地系统景观的现状与存在的问题进行了讨论，提出了构建宁波市城市绿地系统的基本思路和绿地系统建设的主要内容。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.