太湖流域江苏片区洪灾风险区划

从致灾因子、孕灾环境的自然属性和承灾体的社会属性两方面出发,选取降雨量、水系及地形作为洪灾危险性评价因子,人口密度、平均GDP及平均播种面积为洪灾脆弱性评价因子,利用GIS的空间分析功能和层次分析法,得到研究区洪灾危险性区划图、洪灾脆弱性区划图及洪灾风险综合区划图。结果表明,太湖流域江苏片大部分地区的洪灾危险性较大,阳澄淀泖区、武澄锡虞区洪灾危险性程度明显大于湖西区,尤其是阳澄淀泖区;经济发达的阳澄淀泖区、武澄锡虞区的洪灾脆弱性比湖西区大;洪灾风险程度较大的地方分布在地势低平、河网密集的阳澄淀泖区及武澄锡虞区的东部,随着湖西区经济迅速发展,洪涝灾害的风险也将增大。     

基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价——以永定河流域京津段为例

城市化过程中不合理的土地利用导致河道填塞、河网缩减现象普遍，城市水灾增加。基于灾害系统思想，构建了基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价体系，并以永定河京津段为例进行了实证分析。结果表明：（1）近40年来研究区水系结构简单化趋势明显，河道长度减少了20．5％，条数减少了36．4％，水系调蓄能力下降，在同样的致灾强度下水灾危险性加大；（2）在假设暴雨重现期为50年的条件下，经济密度差异决定了水灾潜在危险区的空间格局，居民用地将成为水灾重度危险区；平原段水灾重度危险区占5．7％，中度危险区占33．1％，滨海段重度危险区占13．9％，中度危险区占26．8％。研究结果可为区域综合减灾、水灾预报提供依据。     

福建省茶叶气象灾害致灾危险性区划与评估

为了摸清福建复杂地形下茶叶单灾种及多灾种综合致灾风险,利用福建省1972—2014年气象数据和农业统计资料,构建致灾因子危险性区划指标体系,基于AHP-EWM方法和加权综合法量化计算各指标权重和灾害风险指数,开展茶叶单灾种及多灾种综合致灾危险性区划,评估福建省茶叶气象灾害致灾危险性。结果表明:福建茶树萌芽至展叶期寒冻害的致灾危险性最大,其次是越冬期冻害和采摘期连阴雨,而夏季高温和夏秋旱对茶树致灾的影响相对较小。福建大部茶区的气象灾害综合致灾危险性呈轻度至中度,轻度危险区主要分布在福建沿海地区及南部内陆县市的部分地带;中度危险区主要分布在除沿海地区和鹫峰山区、戴云山区、武夷山区、玳瑁山区和博平岭的高海拔地域以外的地域;重度以上危险区主要分布在鹫峰山区、戴云山区、武夷山区、玳瑁山区和博平岭山区的高海拔区域,其中1 000 m以上高海拔地区有严重气象灾害危险性。建议在轻度至中度气象灾害危险区增加茶叶种植面积,重度灾害危险区必须通过优化茶叶种植结构,种植耐寒的中小叶种及晚生的春茶品种,以避开气象灾害威胁,同时加强茶叶气象灾害的监测预警和防御,通过"避"和"防"的措施减轻茶叶气象灾害风险;而对于高海拔地区(1 000 m以上)有严重气象灾害的危险性区域,种植风险高,不适宜种植茶叶。     

川西高原气候变化特征及泥石流动态危险性响应研究

泥石流危险性评估是风险分析和评估的基础步骤,气候变化增加了泥石流灾害发生的风险,研究未来气候变化下泥石流动态危险性对制定防灾减灾战略具有重要意义。本文利用CMIP5数据重建川西高原2021-2095年的年均温和日降水情景,并定量分析了气候变化下川西高原21世纪近期（2021-2045年）、中期（2046-2070年）、末期（2071-2095年）的泥石流的动态危险性响应。研究表明：（1）相对于基准期（1981-2005年）,未来75年川西高原年均气温呈上升趋势,末期增温速度减缓,高海拔地区的增温幅度较大;年平均降水量呈增加趋势,末期增加速度减缓,空间上整体呈现“东增西减”的分布趋势;日最大降水量和暴雨日数呈现由东南部向西北方向增大的趋势。（2）在基准期,高度、较高泥石流危险性面积占26.77%,聚集在川西高原东部山地和金沙江等主要河流沿岸高山峡谷区;气候变化情景下,与基准期相比川西泥石流危险性普遍增加,西部、北部泥石流危险性增加更为明显;川西主要河流两岸泥石流危险等级均增加,如金沙江、大渡河、雅砻江等,高危险区不断向海拔高的区域扩散;泥石流中度及以下危险区难以转变为较高、高度危险区,表...     

基于气象预测数据的中国洪涝灾害危险性评估与预警研究

基于自然灾害风险理论,借助GIS强大的空间分析功能,采用归一化和层次分析法,对中国全国范围尺度进行了洪涝灾害危险性评估。通过对洪涝灾害危险性因子分析,分别提取当天降雨量、前3 d降雨量、地形高程、地形标准差、河湖网络等因素作为评估因子,提出了各因子危险性指数计算方法,以及全国洪涝灾害危险性指数计算模型公式。根据统计分析危险指数的最小值、最大值,结合历史灾情,利用阈值分割法确定了风险等级分割值分别为0.3、0.45及0.6,将洪涝灾害等级划分为高风险、中风险、低风险与无风险四个等级,从而建立了类似于天气预报模式的全国洪涝灾害危险性评估模型,并以2010年8月22日为例进行了洪涝灾害危险等级评估的实际应用。最后,基于洪涝灾害的危险性评估的结果,结合危险区内人口分布、交通设施等基础数据,生成相应的预警产品。对可能发生的洪涝灾害发出预警与预测,为危险区人们乃至相关政府管理部门采取有效的防灾、减灾措施提供参考依据。     

基于GIS的松花江干流暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

以黑龙江省内的松花江干流流域作为研究区,从现代灾害风险理论出发,综合运用GIS空间分析和灾害风险评估数学方法,对松花江干流流域的暴雨洪涝灾害风险进行了定量评价.研究利用遥感数据和社会经济数据,在空间分析基础上,通过对暴雨洪涝灾害的危险性、承灾体的暴露性、脆弱性以及区域防灾减灾能力的分析,确定影响各个县市暴雨洪涝灾害风险的具体方面.并将因子集成为洪涝灾害风险指数(FDRI),在此基础之上绘制出松花江干流流域的洪涝灾害风险区划图,结果表明松花江干流洪涝灾害风险以哈尔滨和佳木斯两市最大,上游洪涝灾害风险大于下游.     

基于PSR和AHP方法的西安市城市内涝脆弱性评价体系构建与脆弱度评估

本文基于灾害系统理论和"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR),构建了城市内涝脆弱性指标体系。利用2010、2012、2016、2017年共4期西安市统计年鉴数据提取了西安市城市内涝脆弱性指标,使用AHP(层次分析法)计算指标权重,提出城市内涝脆弱度指数,并综合分析评价了西安市城市内涝的脆弱程度。研究结果表明:自然和社会状态对城市内涝的脆弱性起决定性作用,外在压力和后期响应作用次之。其中,水面面积、排水管网密度、坡度、暴雨强度是对城市内涝脆弱度影响最大的因子,均大于10%;建成区面积、暴雨次数、人口、从业人数、投入资金、绿化率、GDP、防洪堤长度对城市内涝脆弱度的影响一般,影响力在2%-9%之间;年降雨量、年降雨天数、道路长度对城市内涝脆弱度影响较小,均小于2%。西安市4期的城市内涝脆弱度指数均为较低水平,说明西安市的城市内涝脆弱度指标平稳,灾害风险小,比较适宜人居。西安市城市内涝脆弱性评价,对区域城市管理、灾害预警、推进海绵城市建设等具有重要意义。     

基于AHP-EWM方法的福建省农业气象灾害风险区划

基于灾害风险分析原理,通过分析福建的重大农业气象灾害种类和风险等级指标,构建了影响福建农业的致灾因子危险性、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力的风险指标体系;采用AHP-EWM方法赋予各指标权重,利用加权综合法计算综合风险指数,应用GIS技术实现了农业气象灾害风险区划。结果表明:福建省重度以上的农业气象灾害综合风险区主要分布在福建东南部沿海县市,西北部的武夷山市、光泽县、建宁县和泰宁县,东北部的柘荣县、罗源县和福鼎市,西南部的武平县和上杭县;中度风险区主要分布在福建东部和西部两个区域中除重度以上灾害风险县市以外的大部分县市;其余区域属于轻度灾害风险区,主要集中在呈东北—西南走向的中间区域地带。     

基于GIS的乡镇洪涝灾害风险评估与区划技术——以山东省淄博市临淄区为例

基于乡镇气象资料历史序列的构建,利用AHP决策分析法和加权综合评价法,结合GIS空间分析技术,对山东省淄博市临淄区洪涝风险进行评估与区划。结果表明,临淄区洪涝危险性主要受洪涝频率影响,总体趋势是东北部高于西南部;洪涝灾害暴露性风险分布区域性较强,西部明显高于东部;脆弱性风险分布相对较分散,总体上北部地区脆弱性高于南部地区;防灾减灾能力北部地区强于南部。临淄区洪涝风险综合指数普遍较高,高值集中在人口、经济密度较高的临淄市区以及危险性较高的西北地区;风险指数受危险性影响较大;全区中、高风险的面积占总面积的69.2%。     

基于GIS的重庆地区不同季节干旱灾害风险评估与区划

依据自然灾害风险评估理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性、防灾减灾能力4个方面选取指标,构建重庆干旱灾害风险评估模型,结合相关气象、生态和社会经济数据,运用GIS空间数据分析完成重庆不同季节干旱灾害风险评估及区划。结果表明:(1)重庆各类干旱致灾因子危险性均表现在重庆西北部和东北部偏东地区较高,其中东北部的巫溪均为高危险区,而重庆东南部和中部偏北地区的危险性较低。(2)干旱孕灾环境脆弱性的高脆弱区主要位于重庆东北部的城口、巫溪、巫山、奉节和西南部的綦江、南川、武隆、丰都、石柱,而西部和东南部的彭水、黔江、秀山大部地区脆弱性较低。(3)干旱承灾体暴露性在东南部的彭水、黔江、秀山大部地区较低,而在东北部、中部和西南部大部地区为高暴露区。(4)干旱灾害防灾减灾能力在主城区及涪陵、万州城区周边为次高和高能力区,而重庆东北部和东南部大部地区为低能力区。(5)重庆不同干旱灾害风险在东北偏东地区的风险性均较高,其中巫溪均为高风险区,而东南部和中部偏北地区的风险性较低。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。