转codA基因杨树耐旱性增强的生理机制

研究转胆碱氧化酶(codA)基因杨树对干旱胁迫的响应机制可为杨树耐旱育种及应用提供理论依据.在盆栽条件下研究土壤干旱胁迫及复水对转基因杨树(T)和野生型(NT)生长的影响及叶片中MDA、H_2O_2、甜菜碱含量和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫后,转基因杨树和野生型的株高、总生物量增长都减慢,但转基因杨树生长状况优于野生型且复水后恢复较快;胁迫5周后,转基因杨树地上地下部的干重分别降低了21.01%和22.97%,而野生型地上地下部的干重则较对照分别降低了47.21%和52.11%,与正常供水相比,转基因植株地上地下部的干重显著高于野生型.(2)杨树叶片中过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量在干旱胁迫后先增加后降低,复水后继续下降,但转基因杨树积累量低于野生型;干旱胁迫下,转基因杨树叶片中游离脯氨酸和甜菜碱的含量显著高于野生型,干旱胁迫3周后,转基因杨树叶片中甜菜碱含量是野生型的2.38倍.(3)随干旱时间延长,杨树叶片中SOD、POD、CAT和APX酶活性逐渐增加,复水后下降,除POD外,转基因杨树抗氧化酶活性普遍高于野生型.本研究结果说明渗透调节物质含量的增加及抗氧化能力的增强是转基因杨树耐旱性和复水后恢复能力增强的内在生理机制.     

链格孢菌对白车轴草抗旱性的影响

在盆栽自然水分干旱胁迫条件下,研究了接种链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuis Nees)对白车轴草(Trifolium repens L.)抗旱性相关的生理生化指标的影响,结果表明:接种组与对照组叶片的电导率(EC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均与干旱处理时间呈显著正相关,而叶片相对含水量(RWC)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量与处理时间呈显著负相关。链格孢菌的侵染能促进干旱胁迫下白车轴草叶片EC和MDA含量的增加,延缓Pro的积累,加速叶片RWC和ASA含量的降低。到达干旱处理的第6天,接种组的EC、MDA含量分别比对照高20.06%、68.79%(p<0.05),而RWC、Pro含量和ASA含量分别比对照低7.03%、25.3%、77.43%(p<0.05)。此外,接种组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均于处理的第4天开始显著低于对照;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也于处理的第6天下降并显著低于对照,为对照的79.79%(p<0.01)。表明链格孢菌会降低干旱胁迫下白车轴草的渗透调节能力和保护酶的活性,加剧活性氧的积累和膜脂过氧化程度,使白车轴草的抗旱性降低。     

苗期玉米根叶对干旱胁迫的生理响应

采用人工控制水分的方法,研究了干旱胁迫下苗期玉米(ZeamaysL.)根系和叶片的生理指标,用以明确苗期玉米根系和叶片对干旱的生理响应。研究结果表明,苗期中度干旱胁迫处理条件下,玉米根系和叶片均表现出对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并各具特点。与对照相比,干旱胁迫使玉米根系和地上部的生物量降低,叶片中的叶绿素含量显著降低、叶片光合面积减小,根冠比增大。干旱胁迫使玉米根系比表面积增大,根系氧化活力和还原活力增强。干旱胁迫导致玉米叶片的光合功能降低,初始荧光升高,初始光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转换效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、潜在光合作用活力均受到抑制。干旱胁迫下玉米叶片和根系脂质过氧化作用增强,根系和叶片中的游离脯氨酸含量升高。     

煤矸石绿化基质对白三叶草生长及其抵御重金属污染的影响

煤矸石是煤炭生产过程中产生的主要固体废弃物,因其利用率低、长期大量堆积,对周围环境造成严重污染.探究以煤矸石为主要材料的优质的绿化基质对于实现煤矸石的资源化利用将具有重要意义.采用盆栽试验和淋溶试验,将一定量煤矸石混合不同比例的土壤、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、粉煤灰和玉米秸秆组成基质,各因素设置3水平,选用L9(3~4)正交表安排试验,并撒播白三叶草进行温室栽培.结果显示:土壤添加600 g时对白三叶草生长状况影响极显著(P0.01),但会增加铬(Cr)元素的富集和淋溶;PAM添加120 mg/kg可显著增加白三叶草的株高和生物量(P0.01),并对Cr、砷(As)元素产生明显的吸附作用;粉煤灰添加75 g时能显著地促进白三叶草的出苗及生长(P0.05),但添加150 g时会对Cr、As元素的富集与淋溶有明显的促进作用;玉米秸秆添加量为25 g时对白三叶草的出苗率、株高、生物量均产生促进作用(P0.05),但对Cr、As元素的富集与淋溶基本无影响.淋溶试验检验发现上述配比基质的Cr、As元素淋溶均低于国家标准.综上,最适宜白三叶草生长且抵御重金属Cr、As污染、可用于生产的基质配比为600 g土壤与煤矸石混合,并添加120 mg/kg PAM、75 g粉煤灰与25 g玉米秸秆.     

干旱胁迫对香樟幼树生长及光合特性的影响

通过盆栽和持续干旱研究了干旱胁迫(以2 d为一个处理间隔,持续干旱0-16 d)对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼树生长及光合特性的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下香樟幼树的地径、树高生长量受到了抑制.轻度、中度干旱处理(干旱时间2-8 d)叶片含水量和叶片相对含水量与对照差异均不显著,重度干旱处理(干旱时间10 d)下显著低于对照(P0.01);(2)干旱胁迫影响了香樟叶片光合作用的日变化进程,妨碍了其有机物质积累;(3)干旱胁迫下香樟叶片光合色素总量先升高后降低,在干旱第8天达到最高.所有干旱处理的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均受到不同程度的抑制.气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用影响香樟幼树的光合作用,在干旱初期(干旱时间2-8 d)气孔因素起主导作用,干旱后期(干旱时间10 d)非气孔因素起主导作用;(4)干旱胁迫下香樟幼树叶片的表观量子效率(AQY)、RuBP羧化速率(CE)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)及CO2补偿点(CCP)均显著降低,表明干旱会降低香樟幼树对环境中光照和CO2的利用及适应能力.综上,干旱胁迫下香樟幼树的水分生理状况变差,光合能力及光合日变化进程受到影响,对环境中光照和CO2的利用及适应能力也明显降低,最终香樟幼树的形态生长受到抑制.图3表3参35     

煤矸石绿化基质对白三叶草生长及其抵御重金属污染的影响北大核心CSCD

煤矸石是煤炭生产过程中产生的主要固体废弃物,因其利用率低、长期大量堆积,对周围环境造成严重污染.探究以煤矸石为主要材料的优质的绿化基质对于实现煤矸石的资源化利用将具有重要意义.采用盆栽试验和淋溶试验,将一定量煤矸石混合不同比例的土壤、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、粉煤灰和玉米秸秆组成基质,各因素设置3水平,选用L9（3^4）正交表安排试验,并撒播白三叶草进行温室栽培.结果显示：土壤添加600 g时对白三叶草生长状况影响极显著（P〈0.01）,但会增加铬（Cr）元素的富集和淋溶;PAM添加120 mg/kg可显著增加白三叶草的株高和生物量（P〈0.01）,并对Cr、砷（As）元素产生明显的吸附作用;粉煤灰添加75 g时能显著地促进白三叶草的出苗及生长（P〈0.05）,但添加150 g时会对Cr、As元素的富集与淋溶有明显的促进作用;玉米秸秆添加量为25 g时对白三叶草的出苗率、株高、生物量均产生促进作用（P〈0.05）,但对Cr、As元素的富集与淋溶基本无影响.淋溶试验检验发现上述配比基质的Cr、As元素淋溶均低于国家标准.综上,最适宜白三叶草生长且抵御重金属Cr、As污染、可用于生产的基质配比为600 g土壤与煤矸石混合,并添加120 mg/kg PAM、75 g粉煤灰与25 g玉米秸秆.     

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对水稻幼苗的抗旱生理效应

茉莉酸类物质(Jas)是植物体内广泛存在的生长调节物质,它作为内源信号分子参与植物在机械伤害、病虫害、干旱、盐胁迫、低温等条件下的抗逆反应。选用抗旱性存在明显差异的两个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种中二欧六和丰华占作为实验材料,通过设置对照、干旱、干旱 茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)三种处理研究了茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗的抗旱生理效应。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫后两个水稻品种幼苗叶片水势均显著降低,而干旱后喷施茉莉酸甲酯能明显增加叶片的水势,改善叶片的水分状况,抗旱性强的品种水势增加幅度较大。干旱胁迫后水稻叶片的抗氧化酶活性,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和有机渗透调节物质,包括可溶性糖、脯氨酸及游离氨基酸含量均大幅度上升,而干旱 茉莉酸甲酯处理则能降低了这些物质的含量,两个水稻品种的变化趋势表现一致。研究结果表明外施茉莉酸甲酯在一定程度上能减缓干旱胁迫对水稻幼苗造成的伤害,有效地提高抗旱性,但这这种增强效应在不同水稻品种间存在一定差异。     

四种豆科牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱的响应及抗旱性评价

牧草种子在萌发和幼苗生长期对逆境的适应能力是决定干旱区草地种群分布及延续的关键因素,对牧草种子抗旱性的综合评价,可为干旱、半干旱地区草地补播、人工草地建植和矿山植被恢复进行水分调控及苗期养护等提供支持。采用不同渗透势聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液梯度(0~-1.2 MPa)模拟干旱条件,选择鄂尔多斯干旱草原区补播或建植常用的4种豆科牧草:狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla Pojark.)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus suavelens Ledeb.)、内蒙准格尔苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Neimeng Zhungeer)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.cv.Shadawang),研究其种子萌发和幼苗生长特性对模拟干旱的响应及抗旱性评价。结果表明,轻微干旱(-0.05~-0.2 MPa)对4种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长均有促进作用,除内蒙准格尔苜蓿外,干旱均促进其他3种牧草幼根生长及根苗比的增加;中度干旱条件下(-0.4~-0.6 MPa),狭叶锦鸡儿和沙打旺种子的相对活力指数较高,但前者的萌发抗旱指数最差;在重度干旱条件(≤-0.8 MPa)下,内蒙准格尔苜蓿萌发期各指标相对值均最高。运用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价,4种牧草种子萌发期抗旱性强弱排序为:内蒙准格尔苜蓿沙打旺黄花草木樨狭叶锦鸡儿。幼苗生长期:黄花草木樨内蒙准格尔苜蓿狭叶锦鸡儿沙打旺。总体评价为:黄花草木樨内蒙准格尔苜蓿沙打旺狭叶锦鸡儿。     

气候因子对混播草地不同种群生长及其个体消长的影响

采用数理统计方法 ,研究了混播草地中黑麦草 (Lolium perenne)、白三叶 (Trifoliumrepens)和白苞蒿(Artemisialactiflora)的生长特征及其个体消长特点 ,分析了主要气候因子 (温度、降水和日照 )对其构件生长的影响 .温度对黑麦草分蘖的负效应显著 (P〈0 .0 1) ;温度和降水与黑麦草叶片、白三叶匍匐茎和白苞蒿侧枝生长存在显著 (P〈0 .0 1)或弱显著 (P〈0 .1)正相关 ;日照对 3种植物的生长有不同程度抑制作用 .温度和日照对植物生长的互作效应大于温度和降水的互作效应 .黑麦草分蘖数与白三叶分枝数相互消长 ,而黑麦草叶片与白三叶匍匐茎生长具相互促进作用 ;白苞蒿侧枝和白三叶匍匐茎生长相互促进 ,其生长点数则由相互促进向相互抑制转化 ;黑麦草与白苞蒿种群生长具正效应作用 .黑麦草叶片、白三叶匍匐茎和白苞蒿侧枝生长具明显季节动态性 ,而黑麦草分蘖、白三叶分枝和白苞蒿侧芽数季节性变化不明显 .黑麦草分蘖和白苞蒿侧芽具夏秋发生优势 ,而黑麦草叶片生长具春末潜势 ,白苞蒿侧枝具旺盛期 (6～ 9月 )生长优势 .图 1表 3参 2 7     

不同干旱胁迫强度下白刺花幼苗叶片的生理生化反应

植物代谢产物和抗氧化酶活性与干旱胁迫强度的定量关系是评估植物适应干旱能力的重要科学问题.本文采用盆栽试验设计,设置土壤田间持水量(FC)80%、60%、40%、20%4个干旱胁迫处理.研究了不同强度的干旱胁迫梯度上2 a生白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗叶片内丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白质、光合色素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化特点.发现:(1)MDA与Pro含量随着干旱胁迫强度的增加呈线性增加趋势.(2)蛋白质和光合色素含量在干旱胁迫梯度上呈"钟型"抛物线变化趋势,在60%～40%FC下含量最高.(3)4种抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势不尽相同.其中SOD与APX的活性在干旱胁迫梯度上的反应均表现为多项式变化规律,即在中度干旱下的活性显著升高.而重度胁迫下降低;CAT活性变化规律与SOD和APX活性的变化正好相反;POD活性则表现为倒钟型趋势.60%FCT活性最低.综合分析表明,可溶性蛋白质和光合色素的含量、SOD、APX、CAT以及POD不仅能够较好地指示干旱胁迫对幼苗叶片的生理生化伤害程度,并且可反应叶片开始受胁迫伤害的土壤干旱水平.但是MDA和Pro含量则无法指示;60%FC左右的土壤含水量是白刺花2 a生幼苗叶片生理生化代谢受到伤害的干旱强度的阈值.图3参26     

Co-infection patterns and geographic distribution of a complex pathosystem targeted by pathogen-resistant plants

Increasingly, pathogen-resistant (PR) plants are being developed to reduce the agricultural impacts of disease. However PR plants also have the potential to result in increased invasiveness of nontarget host populations and so pose a potential threat to nontarget ecosystems. In this paper we use a new framework to investigate geographical variation in the potential risk associated with unintended release of genetically modified alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)-resistant Trifolium repens (white clover) into nontarget host populations containing AMV, clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), and white clover mosaic virus (WCIMV) in southeastern Australia. Surveys of 213 sites in 37 habitat types over a 300 000-km2 study region showed that T. repens is a significant weed of many high-conservation-value habitats in southeastern Australia and that AMV, ClYVV, and WClMV occur in 15-97% of nontarget host populations. However, T. repens abundance varied with site disturbance, habitat conservation value, and proximity to cropping, and all viral pathogens had distinct geographic distributions and infection patterns. Virus species frequently co-infected host plants and displayed nonindependent distributions within host populations, although co-infection patterns varied across the study region. Our results clearly illustrate the complexity of conducting environmental risk assessments that involve geographically widespread, invasive pasture species and demonstrate the general need for targeted, habitat- and pathosystem-specific studies prior to the process of tiered risk assessment.     

不同密度五种植物对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应

以入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K）和多年生植物高羊茅（Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）、杂三叶（Alsike clover.）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,温室条件下采用密度添加系列设计,研究了5种植物在不同密度下对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应,为薇甘菊生物替代提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）5种受试植物及其不同种植密度对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数具有极显著影响（P〈0.001）,但两者互作除对薇甘菊幼苗的株高显著影响外,对其幼苗的生物量和分枝数均无显著影响。（2）同等密度条件下,供试5种植物中的黑麦草和黄花蒿对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数的抑制作用最强,高羊茅次之,杂三叶和紫花苜蓿对薇甘菊幼苗的生长抑制作用最弱。（3）5种植物与薇甘菊混种组合中薇甘菊的相对产量（RY）均显著小于1,说明供试5种植物对薇甘菊的种间竞争作用强于其种内竞争;不同密度的黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅与薇甘菊混种,3种竞争植物的竞争平衡指数（CB）均显著大于0;而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿仅在其与薇甘菊的混种密度分别大于200和300株/m2时,其竞争平衡指数（CB）大于0,而低密度时均小于0;说明供试5种植物中,黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅的竞争能力强于薇甘菊幼苗,而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿在低密度条件下的竞争能力较薇甘菊幼苗弱。可见黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅有望被作为替代竞争植物用来对薇甘菊进替代控制。     

喀斯特地区白三叶形态和遗传多样性研究

白三叶（Trifolium repens）的形态学特征随利用年限的增加而进化,单株叶数、生长点数、中叶长、中叶长宽比以及种群内个体之间变异性随着年限的增加而增加,而叶层高度、中叶宽则下降。三个不同年龄草地的平均单株叶质量、根质量、地上生物量、地上生物量与地下生物量的比值等指标数值接近,差异不显著。但是,与茎有关的指标如茎质量等差异显著,匍匐茎生物量随年限的增加而增加,以回避动物采食等干扰,并有利于占据动态空斑而增加种群的持久性。100年白三叶的等位基因数没有20年的高,意味着年限越长的种群以少数大克隆体占优势。     

平原河网地区滨岸带外来植物入侵现状及影响研究——以上海青浦区为例

河流滨岸带作为一种典型的开放系统,在受到外界干扰的条件下极易被外来植物所入侵并受到严重影响。以上海青浦区为例,通过对河流滨岸带生态系统入侵植物分布及现状调查,以及对两种入侵植物：白花三叶草（Trifolium repens）和加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）群落的物种多样性及其土壤特性的实证研究,探讨外来植物入侵对河流滨岸带生态系统造成的影响。结果表明：目前该地区河流滨岸带外来入侵植物共有14科24种,其科、种数分别占到该生态系统所有植物的48．3％与26．1％。入侵植物白花三叶草与加拿大一枝黄花在春、秋两季均显著降低了河流滨岸带植物群落的物种多样性。此外,两种人侵植物也对当地河流滨岸及土壤特性造成了不同程度的影响,其中对土壤含水量、pH值的影响最为显著。该研究填补了平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态系统外来植物入侵研究的空白,有助于今后开展对该生态系统的评价、恢复及管理工作。     

Perennial-like adaptation mechanisms of annual legumes to limited irrigation

The hydrodynamic behavior of two annual legumes (Trifolium angustifolium L. and Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam.) under water shortage was studied in a rain shelter experiment. Seeds were collected from natural grasslands of northern Greece and were sown in pots. Two months after seedlings' emergence, full irrigation (up to field capacity) and limited irrigation (40% of field capacity) were applied. During the vegetative period the leaf water potential and the relative water content were measured at seven day intervals in both treatments. T. angustifolium retained the lowest values of psi both under full (-0.11 to -1.78 MPa) and limited irrigation (-0.16 to -2.90 MPa), while the highest values in both cases were those of O. caput-galli (-0.05 to -0.5 MPa). The results suggested that T. angustifolium was the species mostly affected by limited water supply. T. angustifolium seemed to display adaptation mechanisms to drought similar to those of perennial plants. O. caput-galli displayed a more isohydric behavior by not altering its water potential under limited irrigation.     

Reclamation with phytoremediation of area affected by sewage sludge at the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sindos (Greece)

The present research focused on the experimental investigation of phytoreclamation of areas affected by sewage sludge disposal and improving the quality of the sludge. It was conducted in two stages: laboratory and pilot applications. This paper reports on the first stage, which tested, under greenhouse conditions, the possibility of using various species of plants cultivated in the sludge from the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant (ThWWTP, Greece) with different amendments. The results of the 30-day experiment showed that the quality of the output sludge material varied significantly in comparison to the input sludge material. These variations were considered as positive, as the output sludge obtained texture and structure, aeration conditions were improved, and the content of some trace metals, excess nutrients (e.g., P), and salts (of Na) were reduced. These were all influenced by both the type of treatment and the plant species used. In conclusion, the best treatments, T1, T3, and T4 (soil/sludge mixture 70%/30%, soil/sludge/gravel mixture 50%/25%/25%, and soil/sludge/gravel mixture 45%/45%/10%, respectively), and the best suited plant species, Helianthus annuus L. and Zea mays L., were proposed to be used in the pilot application (in situ) at the site within the ThWWTP.     

拉瑞尔Larrea tridentata光合特性对CO2摩尔分数和干旱的响应

利用Li-6400光合测定系统测定拉瑞尔L.tridentata的光合生理特性及其对CO2摩尔分数升高和干旱的响应。结果表明：土壤水势在-0.884 5 MPa以上,L.tridentata的光合器没有任何损害,抵御干旱的能力很强;适当的增加CO2摩尔分数有利于提高光饱和点、光量子利用效率和最大净光合速率,且CO2摩尔分数升高的正效应要大于土壤水分胁迫的负效应,因而在一定程度上CO2摩尔分数的增加,提高了L.tridentata的抗旱能力;随着光合有效辐射的增强和CO2摩尔分数的升高,叶片净光合速率、CO2饱和点和羧化速率都有增大趋势,叶片对高摩尔分数CO2利用效率提高;不同土壤水分条件下,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率都随着CO2摩尔分数的升高而降低,水分利用效率随着CO2摩尔分数的升高而升高;既能饱和叶片的RubisCO,又不至于造成气孔大量关闭的CO2摩尔分数在700~800μmol.mol-1左右,说明目前的CO2摩尔分数还不足以饱和拉瑞尔的RubisCO酶。未来CO2摩尔分数升高,将对拉瑞尔的光合作用有所促进,并可能提高拉瑞尔对干旱的适应能力。     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

松科植物对干旱胁迫的反应

水分亏缺是制约树木生长的重要环境因子，植物通过形态、生理以及分子水平来适应水分亏缺．渗透调节使植物在低水势下维持正常生理活动，是植物忍耐水分亏缺的重要生理机制．干旱胁迫下，植物形态结构变化有利于水分吸收和传导，从而提高水分利用效率；同时，生物量向根部的分配增加，叶面积/边材面积比发生变化，这种生物量分配转移提高了根和茎向叶片输水能力，从而防止气穴现象；干旱胁迫容易引起光能过剩，过剩的光能会对光合器官产生潜在的危害．依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散是光保护的主要途径；同时酶促及非酶促系统也是防止光合器官破坏的重要途径；脱落酸作为一种激素逆境信号，活化了与抗旱诱导有关的基因．本文从形态变化、渗透调节、气穴现象、光合作用、水分利用效率、脱落酸以及分子机理等方面阐述了松科植物对干旱胁迫的响应，并对耐旱指标的筛选进行了讨论，干旱胁迫下，各耐旱机理相互制约，需要联合各个方面的因素来考虑整个植物对干旱的反应．参99。     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.