鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻水提液对三角褐指藻的抑制作用

调查了鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii和鸭毛藻Symphyocladia latiuscula水提液对三角褐指藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum 生长的抑制作用.结果表明,海藻水提液明显抑制三角褐指藻生长,并且这种抑制作用来自藻体活性物质(化感物质);鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻的化感物质既溶于水也溶于乙醇,随时间可能被三角褐指藻消耗尽或发生降解,因而抑制作用减弱以至消失,最大抑制发生在接种4 d.鼠尾藻和鸭毛藻水提液抑制三角褐指藻生长的半效应质量浓度(EC_(50,96h))分别为4.37g·L~(-1)和3.59g·L~(-1),暗示三角褐指藻对鸭毛藻水提液抑制的反应更敏感.     

蓝藻水华优势藻高效防控铜制剂的筛选

在对比络合铜、有机铜和无机铜3类5种典型铜制剂对蓝藻水华优势藻--铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和2种非靶标藻种--普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的96 h生长抑制效果的基础上,进一步开展了3类铜制剂抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的15 d延长效应研究.试验结果表明,质量分数为25%的络氨铜水剂、30%琥胶肥酸铜可湿性粉剂和20%乙酸铜可湿性粉剂对蓝藻水华优势种有较好的生长抑制效果,其对初始密度为2×105～4×105mL-1铜绿微囊藻的96 h半抑制浓度(以下均以有效成分的质量计)分别为0.03、0.06和0.05 mg·L-1,且初始藻密度对抑藻效果并无明显影响.试验质量浓度为0.25 mg·L-1的25%络氨铜水剂、0.30 mg·L-1的30%琥胶肥酸铜可湿性粉剂或0.20 mg·L-1的20%乙酸铜可湿性粉剂均能抑制铜绿微囊藻增长,且在0～15 d内都不会出现藻细胞再次复苏和增长.此外,由于铜制剂对铜绿微囊藻的96 h半抑制浓度远低于其对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的96 h半抑制浓度,因此可在有效控制靶标藻种的同时不对非靶标藻种的生长造成严重威胁.络氨铜、琥胶肥酸铜、乙酸铜有望被开发成为高效、绿色的蓝藻水华控制剂.     

阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响

在实验室内利用MA培养液培养,通过测定藻生长量和叶绿素a含量,研究不同浓度下的阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)生长的影响,并以藻细胞数表示的最大比生长率为指标,评价2种藻对阿特拉津的敏感性.结果表明,在0.001～5.000 mg·L-1质量浓度范围内,阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,且阿特拉津对四尾栅藻的刺激效应明显大于铜绿微囊藻.     

应用流式细胞分析技术研究溴氯海因对近头状伪蹄形藻的毒性作用

实验采用流式细胞术的检测分析方法,探究溴氯海因(BCDMH)对常见淡水藻类近头状伪蹄形藻的作用.研究结果显示BCDMH对近头状伪蹄形藻钓生长抑制作用呈明显的浓度依赖型变化.根据不同浓度细胞生长抑制的百分率计算,24、48和72 h BCDMH对近头状伪蹄形藻生长抑制作用的EC50分别为3.64、3.21和2.56 mg...     

不同氮、磷质量浓度下四尾栅藻的生长研究

在不同氮（N）、磷（P）初始质量浓度的培养液中对四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）进行培养。利用Monod方程分别计算四尾栅藻对总氮、总磷的半饱和常数（Ks）。结果表明：当氮质量浓度大于4.0 mg.L-1,磷质量浓度大于0.20 mg.L-1时能满足四尾栅藻的正常生长。四尾栅藻最适生长的氮质量浓度范围为16.0-32.0 mg.L-1,磷质量浓度范围为2.0-5.40 mg.L-1。以磷为限制底物时的半饱和常数KsP远远小于以氮为限制底物时的半饱和常数KsN（KsN〉KsP）,说明四尾栅藻对磷的亲和性高于氮。与四尾栅藻最大现存量（X）呈高度线性相关时的总氮质量浓度范围为0.50-32.0 mg.L-1,总磷质量浓度范围为0.02-1.0 mg.L-1。四尾栅藻特定增长率（μ）连续增加的总氮质量浓度范围为0.50-4.0 mg.L-1,总磷质量浓度范围为0.02-0.20 mg.L-1。     

4种浮萍提取物的抗菌活性和黄酮含量

浮萍(Lemnaceae)生长在微生物丰富的污水表面,为了研究浮萍抗菌机制,为浮萍抗菌物质活性筛选以及动植物病原菌和人类致病微生物感染机制研究提供依据,用不同极性的溶剂对浮萍进行提取,牛津杯法(Oxford Cup)及最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定比较绿萍zh0018、少根紫萍zh0224以及多根紫萍zh0003、zh0225四种浮萍提取物的体外抗菌活性,并用分光光度法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定分析提取物总黄酮含量以及成分差异.结果表明:浮萍甲醇提取物、95%乙醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、农杆菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性,其中多根紫萍zh0225甲醇提取物抗菌活性最强(MIC:6.25 mg/mL),其次为绿萍;各萃取物中乙酸乙酯相活性最强(MIC:0.78 mg/mL),其次为正丁醇相.分光光度法测得绿萍甲醇提取物总黄酮含量较高,为提取物的9.8%,其次为少根紫萍甲醇提取物,为8.1%,其中多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯相含量最高,为萃取物的22.46%,其次为正丁醇相,为17.2%.HPLC测得不同浮萍提取物黄酮成分差异较大,两株多根紫萍成分相似而含量不同.研究表明,结合浮萍自身的特性和提取物抗菌活性的大小及黄酮含量,筛选多根紫萍zh0225乙酸乙酯萃取相作为优良浮萍品种提取活性物质以及开展药物生产具有巨大潜力.     

铁浓度诱导的三角褐指藻生长和生化组分变化

采用试验生态学方法,以海洋硅藻三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究材料,设置一系列铁浓度处理(3.15mg·L-1、6.30 mg·L-1、9.45 mg·L-1、18.90 mg·L-1和34.65 mg·L-1),着重测定藻液光密度(OD450)、比生长率、藻细胞密度、藻生物量、叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量等生理生化指标,探讨铁浓度对海洋微藻生长特性和生化组分的影响.结果表明,铁浓度对三角褐指藻的生长状况产生了显著的影响.三角褐指藻经培养48 h后,不同铁浓度下的藻液光密度(OD450)存在显著的差异,6.30 mg·L-1铁浓度下的藻液光密度值(OD450)最高,而随着铁浓度的进一步升高,藻液光密度值(OD450)却明显降低;比生长率和藻细胞密度在3.15 mg·L-1到9.45 mg·L-1铁浓度范围内随着铁浓度升高而增大(最大值分别约为0.609 d-1和1200×104 cell·mL-1),但高于9.45 mg·L-1的铁浓度显著降低了比生长率和藻细胞密度;在试验所设置的铁浓度范围内,藻生物最表现出随铁浓度的升高而增大的趋势,34.65 mg·L-1铁浓度下的藻生物量高达0.460 mg·ML-1.同样地,微藻叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含量也明显地受到铁浓度的影响.在3.15 mg·L-1到18.90 mg·L-1铁浓度范围内,叶绿素a含量逐渐增高(最大值为2.41 mg·L-1);同样地,蛋白质含量在9.45 mg·L-1.铁浓度下达到最大值(0.153 mg·mL-1),而随着铁浓度的逐渐升高,叶绿素和蛋白质含量却明显降低.研究结果表明.铁浓度诱导海洋微藻的生长及代谢发生变化.一定较高浓度的铁显著地促进了藻细胞的生长繁殖和藻细胞化学组分的转化和积累.这些发现将有利于加深认识铁浓度在海洋生态系统中扮演的角色,进一步明确赤潮爆发的生理生态机制,从而有助于人们采取有效的预测、预防和管理措施以降低赤潮的危害.     

两种底质对狐尾藻生长和生理指标的影响

在温室条件下,分别以土壤和沉积物作为底质,模拟研究狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)生长和生理指标的变化。结果表明:与营养水平相当的沉积物相比,以土壤作为底质的处理,其狐尾藻茎叶生物量降低了87.15%,根系生物量增加了226.54%,根系活力降低了46.46%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加了134.20%和119.91%,上覆水和间隙水中活性磷浓度分别增加了146.67%和1382.61%。以土壤为底质,增加该处理水体中磷浓度,抑制狐尾藻生长。     

HCO3-对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和小环藻增长特性及竞争行为的影响

HCO3-为湖泊水体中藻类重要的无机碳源,其含量多少的变化对藻类优势种的形成起到重要作用。文章采用含HCO3-培养基HAC与无HCO3-培养基HA对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus Quadricauda)和小环藻(Cyclotellasp.)进行纯培养和共培养竞争实验,考察HCO3-对藻类优势种形成的影响。利用logistic种群增长模型拟合纯培养三藻的生长曲线,并求出最大增长速率r以及Lotka-Volterra竞争模型求出各自竞争参数。铜绿微囊藻与四尾栅藻在HAC中纯培养和共培养的生物量K和最大增长速率r均远大于在HA中,表明这两种藻的增殖需要HCO3-作为碳源平衡胞内营养平衡;小环藻不能在有HCO3-的培养基中生存。在HAC中,铜绿微囊藻与四尾栅藻的平均抑制作用相当,实现共存。铜绿微囊藻在无HCO3-环境中对营养资源更具竞争力,其对四尾栅藻的平均抑制作用是相反抑制的1.6倍,对小环藻的抑制是相反抑制的61倍;四尾栅藻在无HCO3-环境中竞争力弱于铜绿微囊藻强于小环藻,其对小环藻的抑制是相反抑制的10倍;小环藻在HA竞争试验中被淘汰。     

纳米氧化锌对羊角月牙藻毒性效应及其在藻细胞内外的分布

为研究纳米氧化锌(ZnO NP)的毒性效应及其在细胞内外分布,以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为模型藻类,研究了不同浓度ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻生长、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞内外ZnO NP含量变化。结果表明,ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻的生长抑制与处理浓度呈现正相关。在45 mg·L~(-1)ZnO NP暴露24 h后,其生长抑制率已达到95%。当ZnO NP处理藻细胞72 h后,羊角月牙藻细胞的叶绿素含量与处理浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系。低浓度(0.5 mg·L~(-1))ZnO NP处理后藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性明显下降,MDA含量升高,其产生的毒性效应高于高浓度组(5 mg·L~(-1)、45 mg·L~(-1))。细胞培养液溶出Zn2+量及藻细胞外吸附的ZnO NP量与ZnO NP处理浓度成正比,但是藻细胞内ZnO NP量与ZnO NP浓度没有相关性,胞内积累量基本维持不变。研究表明,各浓度组对藻细胞毒性的差异,不仅与细胞内Zn2+量有关,还与细胞外粘附的ZnO NP有关。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.