长江口及毗邻海域大型底栖动物的次级生产力(英文)

根据2005年与2006年在长江口及其毗邻海域,采用改进型0.1m2的Gray-O’Hara箱式采泥器,对85个站位进行的大型底栖动物定量调查资料,利用Brey’s(1990)的经验公式对底栖生物的次级生产力、P/B值及其空间分布状况进行统计和分析.结果表明,该海域共发现大型底栖动物330种,平均栖息密度为(146.4±22.3)indm-2,平均生物量以无灰干重计,为(2.31±0.41)g(ash-free dryweight,AFDW)gm-2.调查海域大型底栖动物的平均次级生产力以无灰干重计,为(2.48±0.38)g(AFDW)m-2a-1.在空间分布上,底栖生物的次级生产力自西向东,或自近岸向外海逐渐升高,并在调查区中部形成垂直于河口并与海岸大致平行且呈带状分布的高生产力中心,之后,次级生产力随水深增加呈现下降趋势.根据地理位置差异,整个研究区域被分为5个亚区,次级生产力在各亚区之间呈现显著差异.其中位于最西侧的河口亚区(HK)与杭州湾亚区(HW),由于受到强大的淡水注入以及污水排放影响,成为整个研究区的低生产力中心.通过与其它研究相比较可以得出,对于理化条件复杂多变的河口区,大型底栖动物通常具有较低的次级生产力.此外,研究区大型底栖动物的平均P/B比为(1.48±0.06)a-1,显示该区域大多数物种通常个体较小且更新率较高.     

长江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力及其影响因子

根据2010年8月至2011年5月在崇明东滩潮间带进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey(1990)的经验公式分析了调查区域内大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值.结果表明:以去灰干质量(AFDM)计,5月、8月和11月总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力和总平均P/B值分别为637.83 ind m-2、6.82 gm-2、6.71 g m-2a-1和1.01 a-1.纵向梯度上,总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力三者大小排序均为东旺沙≥捕鱼港>团结沙.分析表明,潮间带次级生产力受软体动物影响明显,其中河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、黑龙江河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula amurensis)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、泥螺(Bullactaexarata)和中华拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea sinensis)这6种优势种贡献了崇明东滩潮间带65.24%的次级生产力.调查区域总平均P/B值为1.01 a-1,推测东滩大型底栖动物平均一年更替一代,群落结构不稳定,受外界影响较大.运用主成分分析(PCA)对断面环境状况进行分析,显示团结沙生境状况最稳定,捕鱼港次之,东旺沙最剧烈.对次级生产力影响因子进行相关性分析,发现除生物量、栖息密度外,水体总氮、总磷对其也存在较大影响.采用典范对应分析(CCA)解析断面各季节大型底栖动物群落次级生产力与环境变量的关系,显示断面群落次级生产力环境影响因子不尽一致,东旺沙影响因子为Sal、TP、TOC及DO;捕鱼港影响因子为TN、TOC、Chla及DO;团结沙生境状况极稳定,受环境因子影响极小,分析其次级生产力影响因子可能更偏向于沉积物理化因子.     

南黄海鳀鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鳀鱼产卵期在鳀鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料,利用Brey's(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194.3 ind.m-2,平均生物量以去灰干重计,为4.08 g m-2,平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.09 g m-2a-1.研究表明,生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.32a-1.对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论,证明生产力随水深的加大而降低,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表1参25     

南黄海大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在南黄海24个大面站进行的大型底栖生物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey’s(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度在2000年秋季为154.2个/m2,与2001年春季的147.8个/m2相当,平均生物量以去灰干重计,秋季为6.92g/m2,远高于春季的2.81g/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.98gm-2a-1.与生物量的分别格局相似,次级生产力在所调查海域的西南和东南部有两个高生产力分布区域,而该二区域正好在黄海冷水团的两侧,由此验证大型底栖生物的生物量和次级生产力受海水温度的影响较大.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.10a-1.与渤海研究结果比较,证明了底栖生物群落生产力随水深增大而下降,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表2参31     

东寨港红树林区大型底栖动物多样性研究

于2010年3-12月对海南东寨港红树林区进行4次采样,研究该地大型底栖动物生物量、栖息密度的时空变化规律以及不同季节红树林群落大型底栖动物物种多样性的差异.结果表明,不同季节大型底栖动物的种类、数量差异极大,大型底栖动物种类以冬季为最多(45种),夏季为最少(28种),生物量以秋季为最高(272.78 g·m-2),夏季为最低(165.93 g·m-2),密度以冬季为最大(679.25 m-2),夏季为最小(504.95 m-2).对各站位大型底栖动物的生物量、栖息密度及不同红树群落底栖动物的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数进行站位-季节间无重复的双因素方差分析,结果显示栖息密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数在季节间差异显著(P＜0.05),生物量、均匀度指数在站位间差异显著(P＜0.05).分析表明温度、盐度、底质和红树种类是导致大型底栖动物物种多样性存在差异的主要因素,东寨港红树林恢复有利于底栖动物生物量及物种多样性的增加.     

黄河三角洲滩涂区大型底栖动物群落数量特征

在对黄河三角洲河口滩涂区主要市地类型大型底栖动物调查的基础上,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,利用物种丰度、生物量、丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度及生态优势度指数等指标对3种梯度带8类典型样地下的大型底柄动物进行群落特征调查分析.结果表明,①黄河口滩涂区共有大型底柄动物30种,隶属于节肢动物门、软体动物门及环节动物门,共7纲24科25属;大型底柄动物种类南多到少为节肢动物>环节动物>软体动物,平均生物量为19.48 g·m-2,平均丰度为679.04 ind·m-2,生物量由多到少为节肢动物>软体动物>环节动物.②随着南水生生境过渡到旱生生境,河口滩涂区大型底栖动物物种丰富度和多样性均有减少趋势,生态优势度有增加的趋势,其生物种类、生物量和丰度表现为芦苇湿地>海防林带>盐碱滩.③随着季节的变化,不同样地类型的物种丰度和生物量变化幅度很大,夏季比春季高;但生态优势度指数随季节变化不明显,由春季到夏季底柄动物在物种均匀度上表现为减弱趋势,而物种多样性总体上表现为增加趋势.     

东海大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在东海23个大面站进行的大型底栖生物定量采集样品资料，利用Brey’s（1990）的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P／B值的研究和计算．结果表明，该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度在秋季为87m^-2，远低于春季的138m^-2，而平均生物量以去灰干重计，秋季为1．40gm^-2，高于春季的1．25gm^-2；年平均次级生产力以去灰干重计，为1．62gm^-2a^-1，远低于渤海和南黄海．研究表明，大型底栖生物生物量和次级生产力受水温和水深的影响，平均P／B值在研究海域为1．41a^-1，高于渤海和黄海，表明在东海大型底栖生物中个体小而代谢快、生活史短的种在大型底栖生物中占的比重要大于渤海和南黄海，P／B值随水温升高而升高，图2表2参28     

椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征

入海河口受到海水、淡水以及人类活动的共同影响,生境复杂,其区域的底栖动物群落结构的变化能表征入海河口的环境变化以及人类活动的强度.对2010年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征开展研究,并分别用多样性指数法和丰度/生物量曲线比较法(ABC曲线)探讨底栖动物群落受污染扰动的程度.结果显示:椒江口海域3个季节共采集大型底栖动物60种,其中多毛类和软体动物是该海域的主要类群.季节分布上,春季种类数、丰度、生物量以及各项多样性指数均明显低于夏季和秋季.最高丰度(187.11个/m2)和最高生物量(69.82 g/m2)分别出现在夏季和秋季.空间分布上,底栖动物种类数、丰度、多样性指数和丰富度指数各季均呈现近岸站位明显低于大陈岛附近站位的现象;夏季和秋季,生物量在S7和S8号站附近形成一个明显的高值区,其中S8在秋季生物量达到913.63 g/m2;均匀度指数则分布较均匀.本研究表明,椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征与多毛类的分布特点密切相关,多样性指数法和ABC曲线法对群落受污染扰动程度的评价结果截然相反.     

丹江口水库底栖动物群落次级生产力空间分布

于2007年7月—2008年5月,分季度对丹江口水库底栖动物群落及水环境进行为期一年的调查。运用经验公式估算丹江口水库大型底栖动物群落的生产力,并分析底栖动物密度、生物量、生产力及P/B系数的空间分布,探讨环境因子与底栖动物群落生产力空间分布的关系。结果显示,丹江口水库底栖动物年平均密度、生物量及生产力分别为4 761 ind·m~(-2)、1.61 g DM·m~(-2)和35.45 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),P/B系数为22.0 y~(-1)。不同区域生产力差异很大,湖泊区达61.80 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),而支流区仅有5.48 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1)。P/B系数同样在湖泊区达到最大,为34.0 y~(-1);在丹江过渡区最低,为13.1 y~(-1)。颤蚓是生产力的主要贡献者,周年生产力为31.85 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),占总生产力的90%。湖泊区由于其稳定的水动力条件,为颤蚓提供了非常适宜的生境,因此具有很高的生产力水平。与之相反,支流区由于水体扰动较大,底栖动物生物量及生产力水平均较低。从生产力的角度研究丹江口水库底栖动物群落的空间分布规律及影响因子,对丹江口水库的生态管理具有参考价值。     

黄浦江大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解黄浦江大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,于2013年11月(枯水期)和2014年7月(丰水期)采集黄浦江干流及上游支流共11个断面的沉积物和底栖动物样本。共采集到大型底栖动物29种,其中环节动物14种,节肢动物10种,软体动物5种;优势种为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、巨毛水丝蚓(Limnodrilus grandisetosus)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)和闪蚬(Corbicula nitens);黄浦江大型底栖动物平均密度为3 646.4 m-2,平均生物量为16.74 g·m-2。环节动物平均密度(3 575.6 m-2)最大,软体动物平均生物量(9.35 g·m-2)最大,环节动物主要分布在中下游,而节肢动物和软体动物主要出现在上游及上游支流。相关性分析表明,水体高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度等为黄浦江大型底栖动物群落分布的主要影响因子。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.