土壤宏基因组文库中纤维素酶的筛选与鉴定

纤维素酶是最重要的工业用酶之一,已广泛应用于食品、纺织、造纸、洗涤和生物燃料生产等多个领域中.为挖掘微生物来源的纤维素酶,基于功能宏基因组学的方法,筛选云南土壤宏基因组文库获得具有纤维素酶活性的阳性克隆;通过构建亚克隆和测序分析确定纤维素酶的编码基因,将其克隆到表达载体上并转化到大肠杆菌中构建重组表达系统,诱导蛋白表达后对纤维素酶酶学性质进行分析.通过筛选约65万个文库克隆,获得一个有纤维素酶水解活性的克隆,预测该纤维素酶基因全长为1 419 bp,编码蛋白分子量(Mr)为50.99×103,蛋白的氨基酸序列与Rhizobacter sp.S-16中的内切葡聚糖酶有88.66%的相似性,蛋白同源比对结果表明该酶属于糖苷水解酶第五家族(GH5),将其命名为YNEG5;对YNEG5的生化特性进行分析,确定其最佳反应温度为66℃,最适pH为4.8,该酶热稳定性良好且对工业试剂尿素具有较强的耐受性.本研究基于功能宏基因组学技术获得一个具有工业应用潜能的纤维素酶,可为不可培养微生物中纤维素酶的挖掘提供参考.(图10表1参36)     

蔗糖富集环境土壤微生物宏基因组分析及蔗糖水解相关酶基因克隆

蔗糖水解酶是蔗糖转化生成生物质能源的关键酶,且还具有重要的转糖苷功能.针对蔗糖富集的土壤环境,利用未培养的宏基因组技术对蔗糖水解相关的酶基因进行克隆.首先使用微生态分子技术对蔗糖富集的土壤样品进行分析,在可信区间为95%的情况下,样品覆盖率为20%(C指数为0.2),Species richness指数为235.0,Shannon index为5.2889,说明这个蔗糖富集样品中的微生物来源具有广泛性.然后使用宏基因组技术构建这个土壤样品中微生物的DNA文库,成功构建一个包含约100000个克隆的大片段DNA Fosmid文库.对文库中的Fosmid质粒进行随机测序,发现质粒的外源DNA与已报道的DNA都没有同源性,文库所克隆的DNA都来源于仍没有被研究的微生物.使用蔗糖作为唯一碳源对文库进行筛选,获得了能水解蔗糖的克隆.在蔗糖水解能力最强的两个克隆中所包含的蔗糖水解酶与GenBank数据库中已知蔗糖酶的相似性分别为38%和68%.     

转座子挽救法克隆鞘氨醇单胞菌CDS-1中呋喃丹水解酶相关基因

用含Tn5转座子的自杀性质粒pSC123诱变呋喃丹降解菌Sphingomonas agrestis CDS-1,获得失去呋喃丹降解功能的突变株CDS-M1.以pMD18-T为载体在E.coli DH5α中构建了CDS-M1的基因组文库,采用转座子挽救法对Tn5插入位点两侧翼的序列进行克隆与测序,根据测序结果(共4 551个碱基)设计引物,从CDS-1的基因组中扩增到同样大小的片段,把该片断克隆到广宿主载体pPZP201上,得到重组质粒pCDZ1,通过三亲接合的方法把pCDZ1导入CDS-M1中进行功能互补实验,结果显示CDS-M1的呋喃丹水解功能得到了恢复,表明该片断中包含呋喃丹水解酶相关基因.图7表1参14     

粘红酵母△12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达

Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶一般特异性催化在油酸的Δ12位引入双键转变成亚油酸.为了从粘红酵母YM25079中克隆全长Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因序列,参考已知的Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因序列设计基因特异性引物,通过PCR扩增获得到全长为1 353 bp的c DNA序列,序列分析结果表明该序列具有一个编码450个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框,所编码蛋白质的大小为50.9×103.与报道的Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶一样,推测的氨基酸序列具有膜整合脂肪酸脱氢酶特异性的3个组氨酸保守区,表明该序列为一个新的编码Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶的基因.为了验证其功能,把开放阅读框序列亚克隆到表达载体p YES3/CT,构建重组表达载体p YRGD12,并转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INVScl进行表达.脂肪酸气相色谱(GC)分析表明,该序列所编码的蛋白质具有Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶活性,能将油酸转化为亚油酸,亚油酸的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的4.31%.以上结果表明,PCR所获得序列是新的Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因.     

深黄被孢霉苹果酸酶基因的克隆和表达

为了克隆与表达深黄被孢霉(Mortierella isabellina)M6-22苹果酸酶基因,根据深黄被孢霉M6-22转录组测序结果,以其c DNA为模板PCR扩增苹果酸酶基因编码序列,经测序验证分析后将扩增片段连接到表达载体pET-32a(+)中构建重组表达质粒pET32a MIME2并进一步转化入大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达,经镍柱亲和纯化目的蛋白和酶活分析确定其为苹果酸酶.PCR扩增得到全长为1 815 bp的cDNA序列,序列分析表明该序列具有一个编码604个氨基酸的开放阅读框,预测编码蛋白分子量(Mr)为66.4×10~3.预测的氨基酸序列与已报道的苹果酸酶同样具有保守的2个二核苷酸结合结构域和1个二价金属离子结合结构域,因此是一个新的苹果酸酶基因序列,命名为MIME2,Gen Bank序列号为KU097323.将该序列转化大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测到1条约67×10~3的蛋白条带表达,经镍柱纯化和酶活分析表明所纯化蛋白能催化苹果酸脱氢生成丙酮酸,同时生成NADPH,具有苹果酸酶的特性,其酶活大小为177.46 U/mg.以上结果证明所克隆的cDNA序列MIME2为1个新的苹果酸酶基因,基因编码蛋白具有苹果酸酶活性,可为深入研究苹果酸酶的结构和功能关系以及进一步应用奠定基础.     

基于序列筛选发掘宏基因组文库中的新颖卤化酶基因

绝大部分微生物的不可培养性使微生物的开发利用受到了限制,而宏基因组学策略为研究土壤中的不可培养微生物提供了途径.天然卤化物具有抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性等生物活性,卤化酶在催化化合物的卤化过程中,对化合物活性产生重要影响,而以卤化酶基因为探针,可以发现与之偶联的天然生物合成基因簇,为卤化物的发现提供基础.利用卤化酶基因序列的保守区域设计简并引物,筛选土壤宏基因组文库获得卤化酶阳性克隆,并对获得的卤化酶基因间的进化及其与天然产物合成的关系进行分析.结果显示:通过同源序列筛选获得了65个卤化酶阳性克隆,序列同源分析表明约85%的阳性克隆中的卤化酶基因序列与已知卤化酶的相似性低,所获卤化酶基因具有较好的新颖性和多样性.而对所获克隆中生物合成相关基因的分析表明其中一个克隆中同时存在聚酮合酶基因与卤化酶基因,其可能与卤代I型聚酮合成相关.本研究基于序列筛选的方法,从宏基因组文库中发现了新的卤化酶基因和聚酮合酶基因,为进一步发现新颖的天然卤化物生物合成基因簇及天然卤化物奠定了基础.     

香蕉几丁质酶基因ChiI2超表达载体和干涉表达载体的构建

分离克隆栽培香蕉中的几丁质酶基因ChiI2,构建超表达载体和干涉表达载体,可为进一步研究ChiI2基因响应抗逆胁迫的功能提供基础.从栽培香蕉天宝蕉(Musa spp., AAA)中克隆几丁质酶基因ChiI2,利用生物信息软件对该基因进行分析,并用无缝克隆技术分别构建ChiI2的超表达载体和干涉表达载体.从香蕉果皮中克隆到一个几丁质酶基因ChiI2,该基因全长942 bp,蛋白编码313个氨基酸,其编码的蛋白质理论分子量(Mr)为32.96,等电点(pI)为6.77.ChiI2蛋白的α-螺旋结构有6个,β-折叠结构有5个,转角结构有33个.蛋白质疏水性预测分析值为-0.233,属于亲水性蛋白.功能保守域分析表明,该蛋白是糖苷水解酶家族几丁质酶家族的一员.该基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸与野生香蕉、玉米、水稻、小麦、莲等植物的同源性都在70%以上.对ChiI2基因进行荧光定量PCR检测,发现4℃处理6 h的表达显著高于对照和38℃处理6 h,表明ChiI2基因可能与低温响应有关,诱导香蕉苗产生抗冷性.利用无缝克隆技术成功构建了pGreenII-ChiI2超表达载体和pGreenII-ChiI2i干涉表达载体,并转化到农杆菌EHA105菌株中.本研究成功地从栽培香蕉天宝蕉中分离克隆到了ChiI2基因,并对其基因特点和蛋白功能进行了预测分析,成功构建了超表达载体和干涉表达载体,可为进一步研究其功能奠定基础,也为采用基因工程方法改良选育香蕉抗寒品种提供了新尝试.(图8表1参24)     

一种嗜热细菌来源角质酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

通过跟踪发酵液中pNPB水解酶活性,对角质诱导的Thermobifida fusca 口发酵液进行分离纯化.采用活性炭脱色、硫铵沉淀、Phenyl HP疏水色谱、DEAE sephamse阴离子交换色谱等方法,分离纯化得到电泳纯PNPB水解酶.该酶水解角质可得到角质单体,是一种角质酶.SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,角质酶表观分子量约为29×10~3.该酶的最适温度为60℃.在40℃和60℃下均具有良好的热稳定性.最适pH为8.0,pH稳定范围为6.0～9.0.该角质酶的生化性质适合在纺织工业中应用.图8表2参17     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

马尾松与阔叶树种凋落叶混合分解初期的酶活性北大核心CSCD

酶是凋落物养分释放过程中必不可少的催化剂,酶活性能迅速响应凋落物分解条件的改变,并在一定程度上反映分解快慢.以四川省低山丘陵区马尾松人工林为对象,研究马尾松（M）与香樟（X）、檫木（S）、香椿（T）阔叶树种混合凋落叶（MX、MS、MT;MSX、MXT、MST;MSXT）分解初期与碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）循环相关酶活性的变化特征,包括β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶（C循环水解酶）,β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶（N循环水解酶）,酸性磷酸酶（P循环水解酶）以及多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶（C循环氧化酶）.结果显示：（1）树种组合对酶活性影响显著,相比单一M,MT、MXT、MST、MSXT组合有助于提高C、N循环水解酶活性,而MX、MS、MSX组合则对酶活性具有一定的抑制作用;（2）混合比例对酶活性影响显著,无论一针一阔、一针两阔还是一针三阔混合模式,皆在马尾松与总阔叶量之比为6：4时,C、N循环水解酶活性较高;（3）相比单一M,混合处理降低了P获得水解酶及C获得氧化酶活;MT6：4和MXT6：1：3、MST6：3：1及MSXT（6：1：1：2、6：1：2：1）处理则有助于C、N循环水解酶活性整体提高,其中又以MT6：4和MSXT6：1：2：1处理更佳,且分别提高了63.34%、22.12%、11.93%、105.80%和53.91%、50.94%、29.10%、140.93%;（4）CCA分析表明,酶活性对树种组合、混合比例、凋落叶初始质量及微环境因子的响应不同,其中树种组合对酶活性影响最大,凋落叶初始N、N/P次之,说明凋落叶化学组成及其物理性质的某些方面共同作用于酶活性.综上,MT6：4和MSXT6：1：2：1混合更利于C、N循环水解酶活性在分解初期的稳定及提高.     

Discovery of novel halogenase genes using sequence-driven metagenomics approach北大核心CSCD

It is of great significance to ability to obtain new natural products with diverse activities through the study of soil microorganisms. However, less than 1% of the total soil microorganisms can be cultured under laboratory conditions, thus limiting the discovery of new compounds. Metagenomics, by which the genomic DNA of soil microorganisms can be extracted and expressed in heterologous hosts, provides a new approach for the functional study of soil microorganisms. Natural halides have good bioactivities, including antibacterial and antitumor activities. Halogenases play an important role in biosynthesis, and introducing bioactivities of halogenated compounds. To investigate the potential of halogenated compounds production from soil microorganisms, a soil metagenomic library was screened by PCR for clones harboring reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) - dependent halogenase genes. Sixty-five positive clones were identified from the library, and the amino acid sequences of halogenase genes within the positive clones were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that more than 85% of these genes were separated from known halogenases to form new clades in the phylogenetic tree; moreover the soilderived halogenases showed high diversity. By further biosynthetic gene analysis of the positive clones, a new type I polyketide biosynthetic gene sequence was identified, which is probably related to the biosynthesis of the halogenated type I polyketide. In conclusion, novel and diverse halogenase genes were identified on sixty-five metagenomic clones using a sequence-driven metagenomic approach, laying a foundation for the further discovery of novel natural halides biosynthetic gene clusters and halides. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA提取及宏基因组Fosmid文库构建

青藏高原土壤中富含特殊的微生物资源,因大多数未能得到培养而无法利用.提取微生物总DNA及构建宏基因组文库的方法是研究未培养微生物的重要方法(免培养法).两藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤中腐植酸、有机质含量非常高,DNA提取非常困难,本研究表明卣接法提取该样品的DNA片段小,杂质含量高,不能满足构建大插入片段文库的要求;结合低速离心和Nycodenz密度梯度离心先分离出微生物细胞的间接法虽然DNA产率降低,但是纯度高,片段长,多样性丰富,更适合于构建大插入片段文库.在间接法提取高质量西藏高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA的基础上,成功构建了一个包含30 624个克隆、库容量超过1 Gb、稳定性好的宏基因组Fosmid文库,为从西藏高原土壤中挖掘和利用新的功能基因研究奠定了基础.图7表3参27     

Metagenomic analysis on resistance genes in water and microplastics from a mariculture system

• Total 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected by metagenomic analysis. • Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs in water and microplastics. • The abundances of MRGs were much higher than those of ARGs. • Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phylum. • Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs. Microplastics existing widely in different matrices have been regarded as a reservoir for emerging contaminants. Mariculture systems have been observed to host microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, more information on proliferation of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in mariculture system at the presence of microplastics is needed. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate the distribution of ARGs and MRGs in water and microplastics of a typical mariculture pond. Total 18 types including 174 subtypes of ARGs were detected with the total relative abundances of 1.22/1.25 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Chloramphenicol resistance genes were the dominant ARGs with the abundance of 0.35/0.42 copies per 16S rRNA copy for microplastics/water. Intergron intI1 was dominant gene among 6 detected mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with the abundance of 75.46/68.70 copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/microplastics. Total 9 types including 46 subtypes of MRGs were detected with total abundance of 5.02 × 10²/6.39 × 10² copies per 16S rRNA copy for water/ microplastics while genes resistant to copper and iron served as the dominant MRGs. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria accounted for 84.2%/89.5% of total microbial community. ARGs with relatively high abundance were significantly positively related to major genera, MGEs, and MRGs. Microplastics in mariculture system could enrich most of MRGs and some ARGs to serve as potential reservoir for these pollutants. The findings of this study will provide important information on resistance gene pollution at presence of microplastics in the mariculture system for further proposing suitable strategy of environmental management.     

嗜热脂肪土芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶基因的合成及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

来自嗜热脂肪土芽孢杆菌的木聚糖内切酶XT6在工业上有着重要的应用,已经成功应用于工业规模的生产试验.本文作者在合成XT6基因全序列的同时对其密码子进行了优化,且构建重组质粒在大肠杆菌中高表达.通过优化表达条件,功能正常的XT6基因在大肠杆菌中成功过量表达,蛋白表达量占细胞中总蛋白的65%.重组表达的木聚糖内切酶XT6特性和天然酶相似,以桦木木聚糖为底物测定细胞提取物中木聚糖酶活性,最大活性高达3 030 U/mL.本文首次报道了来自嗜热脂肪土芽孢杆菌中木聚糖酶基因全序列的合成和在大肠杆菌中成功过量表达.图6表1参19     

Low-temperature caproate production,microbial diversity,and metabolic pathway in xylose anaerobic fermentation

● Converting xylose to caproate under a low temperature of 20 °C by MCF was verified. ● Final concentration of caproate from xylose in a batch reactor reached 1.6 g/L. ● Changing the substrate to ethanol did not notably increase the caproate production. ● Four genera, including Bifidobacterium , were revealed as caproate producers. ● The FAB pathway and incomplete RBO pathway were revealed via metagenomic analysis. Mixed culture fermentation (MCF) is challenged by the unqualified activity of enriched bacteria and unwanted methane dissolution under low temperatures. In this work, caproate production from xylose was investigated by MCF at a low temperature (20 °C). The results showed that a 9 d long hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a continuously stirred tank reactor was necessary for caproate production (~0.3 g/L, equal to 0.6 g COD/L) from xylose (10 g/L). The caproate concentration in the batch mode was further increased to 1.6 g/L. However, changing the substrate to ethanol did not promote caproate production, resulting in ~1.0 g/L after 45 d of operation. Four genera, Bifidobacterium, Caproiciproducens, Actinomyces, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, were identified as the enriched caproate-producing bacteria. The enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway for caproate production were identified via metagenomic analysis. The enzymes for the conversion of (C_n+2)-2,3-Dehydroxyacyl-CoA to (C_n+2)-Acyl-CoA (i.e., EC 1.3.1.8 and EC 1.3.1.38) in the reverse β-oxidation (RBO) pathway were not identified. These results could extend the understanding of low-temperature caproate production.     

On the timing of moulting processes in reproductively active Northern krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica

The interactions between moult phasing, growth and environmental cues in Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) were examined through analysing populations at seasonal, weekly, and daily timescales. The analyses were carried out on resident populations of krill found in three different neritic locations that experience similar environmental signals (the Clyde Sea, Scotland; the Kattegat, Denmark; Gullmarsfjord, Sweden). Seasonal analyses were carried out on the Clyde Sea population and showed that moulting frequency increased significantly moving from winter to summer. The proportion of moulting females in summer samples was often more than double the proportion of moulting males, suggesting that females had a comparatively shorter intermoult period (IMP). Weekly samples taken from the Kattegat showed a similar pattern. However, although the difference between the proportion of female and male moulters was significant in one week, it was not another, mainly because of the variability in the proportion of female moulters. Such variability in females was equally evident in the daily samples taken at Gullmarsfjord. It suggests that females have a shorter IMP (12.5 days) than males (18.4 days) and are more likely to moult in synchrony. Nevertheless, the daily samples revealed that males are also capable of moult synchronisation, although less frequently than females. Shortened IMPs in females were not a result of the abbreviation of specific moult stages. Accordingly, reproductive activity did not alter the course of the normal moult cycle. There was no significant difference between the total body lengths of males and females indicating that females achieve the same levels of growth despite moulting more frequently and having to provision the energy-rich ovaries. This is in contrast to most other crustaceans where the energy costs of reproduction reduce female growth. The fact that females were less abundant than males, probably by suffering a greater level of mortality, suggests that different behavioural strategies, particularly vertical migration regimes, were adopted by each sex to maximise growth and reproduction.     

两种启动子对聚γ-谷氨酸降解酶基因在地衣芽胞杆菌中的加强表达效果

聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)是一种应用前景良好的生物高分子材料.比较了蔗糖诱导的枯草芽胞杆菌果聚糖蔗糖酶基因(SacB)启动子和地衣芽胞杆菌α-淀粉酶基因启动子对γ-PGA降解酶基因ywtD在地衣芽胞杆菌中加强表达的影响.分别用SacB基因启动子和α-淀粉酶启动子构建了穿梭表达载体pHY300-SYT和pHY300-PYT,通过电转化地衣芽胞杆菌WX-02获得重组子SYT和PYT.酶活测定结果显示SYT和PYT中γ-PGA降解酶基因ywtD得到加强表达,摇瓶发酵结果显示两个重组菌株的γ-PGA相对分子质量都由1 000 000~1 200 000降低为800 000~900 000,PYT的γ-PGA产量较对照菌株PLK提高了33%,由13.50 g L-1提高到17.97 g L-1,而SYT的γ-PGA产量则降低为10.85 g L-1.因此,α-淀粉酶启动子更适合于在地衣芽胞杆菌WX-02菌株中表达γ-PGA降解酶基因,从而获得高产低分子量γ-PGA的工程菌.     

Microbial community phylogenetic and trait diversity declines with depth in a marine oxygen minimum zone

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are natural physical features of the world's oceans. They create steep physiochemical gradients in the water column, which most notably include a dramatic draw down in oxygen concentrations over small vertical distances (<100 m). Microbial communities within OMZs play central roles in ocean and global biogeochemical cycles, yet we still lack a fundamental understanding of how microbial biodiversity is distributed across OMZs. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to investigate microbial diversity across a vertical gradient in the water column during three seasons in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ. Based on analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragments, we found that both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity declined steeply along the transition from oxygen-rich surface water to the permanent OMZ. We observed similar declines in the diversity of protein-coding gene categories, suggesting a decrease in functional (trait) diversity with depth. Metrics of functional and trait dispersion indicated that microbial communities are phylogenetically and functionally more overdispersed in oxic waters, but clustered within the OMZ. These dispersion patterns suggest that community assembly drivers (e.g., competition, environmental filtering) vary strikingly across the oxygen gradient. To understand the generality of our findings, we compared OMZ results to two marine depth gradients in subtropical oligotrophic sites and found that the oligotrophic sites did not display similar patterns, likely reflecting unique features found in the OMZ. Finally, we discuss how our results may relate to niche theory, diversity-energy relationships and stress gradients.     

沿海三市饮用水源水内分泌干扰毒性研究

近十多年来,江苏沿海化工产业发展迅速,化工废水的长期排放对水生生态系统及人群健康构成潜在威胁.采用非洲猴肾细胞(CV-1)核受体介导的体外转录激活试验方法,对中国东部沿海A、B、C三市的6个水源地进行了拟雌激素活性调查研究.结果表明:C市2处水源水的有机提取物在枯水期、平水期和丰水期均无拟雌激素活性检出,水质较好;A市...