西南部分地区麻疯树种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

从西南6个地区采集了麻疯树种子并分析比较了其生物学性状和种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成.所有样品的百粒重范围为41.80~71.39g,出仁率60.02%~81.43%,种仁含油率51.76%~57.93%,种子含油率31.07%~47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量74.89%~79.68%.其中永胜产麻疯树的种子品质最好,其出仁率为81.43%,种仁含油率57.93%,种子含油率47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量79.68%.攀枝花和宁南产麻疯树的种子品质次之.双柏和罗甸麻疯树的种子油酸值为0.81,在所有样品(0.81~9.46)中最低.对麻疯树种子及种子油性质的相关数据进行方差分析,结果表明,产地不同,麻疯树种子的生物学性质、种子油理化性质和脂肪酸组成都有一些差异.图2表3参18     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响

采用样方调查和随机采样相结合的方法,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地6种微地形(包括:原状坡(CK)、浅沟(Ⅰ)、切沟(Ⅱ)、塌陷(Ⅲ)、缓台(Ⅳ)和陡坎(Ⅴ))的土壤水分及地上生物量进行调查和研究.结果表明:(1)6种微地形两两配对的Wilcoxon秩检验,CK~Ⅰ(0.110)、Ⅱ~Ⅲ(0.109)、Ⅱ~Ⅳ(0.973)和Ⅳ~Ⅴ(0.339)的相关性不显著外(P0.05),其余两两配对的相关性达到显著或极显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01);(2)6种微地形中,从土层(0~20 cm)→土层(20~40 cm)→土层(40~60 cm),土壤含水量显著减小(P0.05).0~60 cm土层,各微地形土壤含水量的大小顺序为:Ⅲ(13.32%)Ⅳ(12.28%)Ⅰ(10.30%)Ⅱ(12.03%)CK(9.53%)Ⅴ(8.22%)(P0.05);(3)6种微地形中,从土层(0~20 cm)→土层(20~40 cm)→土层(40~60 cm),土壤水分的变异系数显著减小(P0.05).0~60 cm土层,各微地形土壤水分变异系数的大小顺序为:Ⅴ(26.0%)Ⅳ(25.9%)CK(24.9%)Ⅱ(20.7%)Ⅲ(18.0%)Ⅰ(15.1%)(P0.05);(4)不同微地形的生物量的大小顺序为:Ⅲ(263.82 g/m2)Ⅱ(254.29 g/m2)Ⅰ(238.67 g/m2)CK(193.61 g/m2)Ⅳ(154.86 g/m2)Ⅴ(122.35 g/m2)(P0.05),微地形生物量与0~60 cm土壤水分的变异系数呈负相关(y=-0.006x+35.30,**R2=0.690).研究结果表明:在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡进行植被恢复时,在按传统立地类型划分原则的基础上,还应按微地形的水分特征有区别地配置植被恢复模式.图1,表4,参24.     

不同产地麻疯树种仁的含油量及脱油种仁的佛波酯含量

选用国内4种不同产地的麻疯树种仁,对其含油量以及脱油后的佛波酯含量进行了研究.采用GB/T 5512-85粮食、油料检验粗脂肪测定法进行麻疯树种仁含油量的测定;脱油后种仁经二氯甲烷超声提取佛波酯,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对其含量进行检测.结果表明,小金河、攀枝花、仁里、片角乡麻疯树种仁的含油量分别为58.29%、60.84%、58.83%和56.12%,脱油后种仁中佛波酯含量分别为2.43 mg g-1、2.25 mg g-1h、2.03 mg g-1和1.21 mg g-1.不同产地的麻疯树种仁含油量均有差异,在深入开发麻疯树资源时,种仁含油量的高低可作为其选种依据之一.4种不同产地的麻疯树种仁脱油后的佛波酯含最均高于无毒麻疯树品种,要利用麻疯树的脱油种仁这一潜在饲料资源,对其进行进一步脱毒处理是必要的.图3表3参10     

荧蒽对大豆种子发芽的影响

针对国内外有关荧蒽(FLT)对种子萌发影响研究极少的现状,本文设置5个质量浓度(2,5,15,25,50 mg·L-1)的染毒组、1个空白对照组(0 mg·L-1)和1个助溶剂对照组(丙酮体积分数为1%),以大豆种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗长度为测量指标,探索性地研究了FLT对大豆种子萌发的毒性效应。结果表明:在浓度小于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫下,大豆发芽率与对照相比无显著差异,大于等于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫则显著抑制了发芽率(p0.05)。发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数则对FLT的胁迫作用更加敏感,当FLT浓度大于等于5 mg·L-1时呈显著降低(p0.05)。FLT对幼苗长度起抑制作用,且随浓度越高和处理时间增长,抑制作用逐渐增强。     

外源ABA对不同品种辣椒种子萌发的影响

以4种辣椒种子为试验材料,研究了不同浓度ABA(0~100 mg/L)对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:低浓度ABA对种子的发芽势和发芽率没有显著影响,高浓度ABA极显著抑制种子的发芽势和发芽率,辣椒品种(系)不同,种子萌发对ABA浓度的敏感性也不同.不同浓度ABA溶液极显著降低了种子的发芽指数,随着ABA浓度的增加,对发芽指数的抑制程度逐渐加强,种子的发芽起始时间也被推迟,浓度越高,萌发延迟天数越多.ABA溶液极显著抑制种子胚根和胚轴的分化和生长,ABA浓度越高,抑制程度越强.图6,表1,参17.     

盐胁迫下外源硅对硅突变体与野生型水稻种子萌发的影响(Effects of Silicon on the Germination of Si Mutant Rice and Wild Rice Seeds under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻种子萌发的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐胁迫下野生型和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)种子萌发各指标的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的提高(0～150mmol·L-1),两种水稻的芽长、发芽势、发芽率均不断降低.在150mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,野生型和硅突变体水稻的芽长分别为0.33cm和0.55cm,仅为对照的8.0%和11.1%;发芽率仅为对照的29.7%和53.7%;发芽势则分别降低至0%和2%.外源Si可以提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的发芽指标,且对硅突变体水稻的影响显著大于野生型水稻.2mmol·L-1Si浸种+2mmol·L-1Si处理可使野生型水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加127.27%、169.23%和55.17%,发芽势则由对照时的0%提高至23.33%;硅突变体水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加307.27%、285.71%和80.29%,发芽势则由对照时的2%提高至82.22%.     

模拟酸雨胁迫下镧对高梁种子萌发的影响

以高粱(熊杂9号)为试材,研究酸雨胁迫下镧对高粱种子萌发、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性的影响.结果显示,用12 mg·l~(-1)的LaCl_3溶液浸种处理高粱种子效果最佳.经La(Ⅲ)处理后,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均较单一酸雨处理组升高,pH 2.5时增幅最明显;pH 2.0时,酸雨严重破坏种子内部结构,La(Ⅲ)的加入已无法缓解酸雨引发的伤害.而经La(Ⅲ)处理后,低强度(pH 5.0-3.5)酸雨胁迫下,种子的POD活性较单一酸雨处理组升高,高强度(pH 3.0-2.0)时降低;可溶性蛋白含量较所有单一酸雨处理组升高,MDA含量和质膜透性较单一酸雨处理降低,pH 2.5-2.0时该效果尤为明显.表明La(Ⅲ)可通过调节高粱种子内部的POD活性减轻酸雨胁迫引发的膜脂过氧化,缓解对种子萌发的伤害.     

不同温度下四川马尔康岷江柏种子的发芽特征

通过对不同温度下岷江柏(CupressuschengianaS. Y. Hu)种子的发芽特征研究,分析了种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度,以及温度对种子发芽的影响,并讨论了岷江柏的发芽特征与环境温度的关系.结果表明,种子发芽周期为20d,其中0~5d为准备期, 5~15d为对数期.种子发芽温度为5~30℃,适宜发芽温度为10~25℃, 5℃和30℃均不利于种子发芽.在贮藏过程中,贮藏开始阶段10℃不利于种子发芽, 10~25℃贮藏4~10mo后的发芽率没有差异.种子最适发芽温度在2003年1月、4月、7月和10月分别为25℃、10℃、15℃和25℃.在不同温度下,种子发芽率没有差异,而种子发芽势和达到50 %发芽的天数有显著差异.岷江柏种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度,以及贮藏过程中的发芽特征与环境温度有着密切的关系,这是它对自然环境的一种适应表现. 图3表2参30     

大蒜鳞茎浸提液对花叶芥菜化感作用的初步研究

大蒜化感作用的研究很广泛,实验采用不同浓度大蒜鳞茎浸提液对芥菜种子萌发、根长、茎长和幼苗鲜重的影响,结果表明,经大蒜鳞茎浸提液处理后的花叶芥菜种子在不同浓度下呈现不一样的形态,其发芽率和发芽指数在不同浓度的大蒜鳞茎浸提液的影响下随着浓度而变化,在0.02 g/m L的浓度下,花叶芥菜的发芽率为97.8%,为最适宜种子发芽的浓度,而对于种子的发芽势来说,最适宜的浓度则为0.04 g/m L,达到了54.8%,浓度为0.02g/m L时的平均根长为1.82 cm,平均茎长为2.28 cm,平均茎重为0.05 g,0.03 g/m L时的平均根重为0.06 g.不同浓度的大蒜鳞茎浸提液对种子幼苗的不同部位的促进和抑制作用也不一样.     

聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫对干旱河谷5种木蓝种子萌发的影响

以川西干旱河谷地区的5种木蓝属植物的种子为材料,观测其形态特征以及聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫对种子萌发的影响.实验结果表明,供试木蓝属植物种子的物理特征(大小、千粒重)与萌发特性之间无显著相关性,而种子硬实率与发芽率则显著相关;不同浓度的PEG胁迫对种子的萌发均有一定的延缓作用,并且种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈现下降趋势。综合比较5种木蓝植物种子的抗旱性,在PEG浓度低于150g/L的轻度干旱胁迫下抗旱性由强到弱依次为:刺序木蓝河北木蓝≈灰色木蓝≈四川木蓝多花木蓝;与采自茂县岷江河谷的刺序木蓝相比,来源于泸定大渡河河谷的刺序木蓝的种子萌发对土壤水分的要求较低,并且相同水分条件下后者发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数也显著高于前者,这可能与各自的种源地在气候、水分及土壤条件上的差异有关.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.