丝栗栲种群生命过程及谱分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础，编制丝栗栲种群静态生命表，绘制存活曲线，死亡率曲线，亏损度曲线，死亡密度函数曲线。积累死亡函数曲线和危险率函数曲线，分析种群生命过程。结果表明，丝栗栲有2个死亡高峰，存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。并应用谱分析方法研究丝栗栲种群动态，结果表明，在丝栗栲种群自然更新过程中存在着明显的周期性。     

新疆中部天山雪岭云杉种群动态初步研究

雪岭云杉PiceaschrenkianaFisch.etMey在中部天山林区内分布于海拔1500m～2700m之间,形成一个垂直分布带。作者采用样方法进行调查,沿海拔梯度每隔100m选取两块样地(20m×20m),在海拔1500～2700m的雪岭云杉林内共选样地26块来调查中部天山雪岭云杉种群的年龄结构、密度和生物量动态。在所选样地内,调查所有雪岭云杉树木(h≥2m)的胸径并按5cm分成不同的径级,每一径级至少选取两棵树,每棵树在不同方向上钻取两个树芯,建立年龄-胸径方程推算样地内所有雪岭云杉树(h≥2m)的年龄;调查样地内所有幼苗(h<50cm)和幼树(50cm≤h<200cm)的高度并根据主干上轮枝数查数一定数目幼苗幼树的年龄,建立年龄-高度方程并推算样地内所有幼苗幼树的年龄。研究结果表明中部天山雪岭云杉种群的胸径、年龄结构和种群密度都呈倒-J型分布,种群生物量呈钟型分布,存活曲线基本介于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅢ型之间。以上研究结果表明中部天山的雪岭云杉种群处于不断更新和稳定发展的时期。     

安徽琅琊山青檀种群数量动态

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法和分段匀滑技术,编制琅琊山青檀（Pteroceltistatarinowii）种群静态生命表,绘制了死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线并分析种群数量特征,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明：（1）琅琊山青檀种群属稳定增长型。种群径级结构大体呈倒“J”型分布,中、幼龄阶段个体数量较为丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Kp,i。和Kp,i（考虑外部干扰时）均大于0。（2）青檀种群死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均出现2个高峰,一个出现在第Ⅱ龄级,另一个出现在第XI（或Ⅻ）龄级;存活曲线经统计检验趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）青檀种群的生存率曲线单调下降,累计死亡率曲线单调上升,生存率下降趋势表现为前期高于后期,累计死亡率则相反;生存函数曲线显示,青檀种群具有前期薄弱、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。（4）在未来2、4、6、8和10a内,青檀种群幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群呈稳定增长趋势。     

南京老山国家森林公园朴树种群动态

运用相邻格子法对南京老山国家森林公园朴树(Celtis sinensis)种群(以下简称老山朴树种群)进行野外调查,以定量方法研究其种群结构特征。编制种群静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存函数曲线,同时结合时间序列预测模型研究老山朴树种群的数量动态。结果表明,种群各龄级个体数虽然存在波动,但整体呈增长趋势,存活曲线属DeeveyⅡ型,分别在第Ⅰ和第Ⅶ龄级出现2个死亡率高峰。第1个峰值的出现主要是由于种内竞争激烈,第2个峰值伴随种群进入生理死亡年龄而出现。生存分析结果表明,朴树种群至第Ⅵ龄级时,生存率仅为0.5%,累计死亡率高达99.5%;危险率曲线与死亡率和消失率曲线变化情况基本一致,反映朴树种群生长发育过程具有前期薄弱、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。时间序列预测结果表明,在未来的2～6 a内,老山朴树种群呈增长趋势。对幼苗及幼林进行人工抚育管理将有助于老山朴树种群的天然更新。     

内蒙古沙地森林草原过渡带中沙地云彬种群动态

沙地云彬是我国内蒙东部沙地森林草原过渡带的特有濒危树种,沙地杉林是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。本文研究了沙地云杉的种群动态,建立了沙地云杉种群生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线和生殖力表,同时研究了沙地云杉种群分布格局及增长动态,可为沙地治理和沙地森林生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松种群生命表与谱分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合谱分析方法,分析华北落叶松种群数量的动态变化.结果表明:(1)华北落叶松种群年龄结构表现为稳定型,但林下幼苗、幼树相对较少.(2)华北落叶松种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均出现两个高峰,一个出现在第11、12龄级阶段,另一个出现在第15龄级阶段;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型.(3)4个生存函数曲线表明,华北落叶松种群具有前期稳定、中后期锐减和末期衰退的特点.(4)种群动态的谱分析显示,华北落叶松种群动态除受基波影响外,还存在着明显的小周期波动,在第7龄级这一小周期波动与华北落叶松的高生长有关;在15龄级这一小周期波动与华北落叶松进入生理衰退期有关.     

岷江上游刺旋花种群格局研究

在随机取样、解剖的基础上，对岷江上游灌丛优势种刺旋花（Convolvulustragacuthoiedes）建立种群静态生命表进行统计分析，以探索其在该地区特殊的生态学意义。结果表明：刺旋花种群的年龄结构为稳定发展型，存活曲线接近于decvyⅢ型；生活史中分别在1a和4～5a有两个死亡高峰；种群数量变化可用年龄结构模型Xx＝3．37·x－3．21（其中x表示年龄，Xx表示种群数量）来预测．X2检验法和区组样方方差法的格局分析结果都表明：刺旋花种群的分布格局随生境破碎程度和水分状况有很大差异，在不同样地分别趋向于随机分布和集群分布.     

过渡带中岳桦种群生态特征的研究

在长白山北坡halt1525m-1775m的岳桦云冷杉森林过渡带和1990m-2170m的岳桦苔原林线过渡带中,沿海拔高度,采用梯度取样方法,进行岳桦种群生态学研究,分析了岳桦种群存活曲线、种群分布格局和种群竞争指数。同时应用分形分析研究了岳桦种群的分形特征。结果表明：依据岳桦种群的存活曲线,在岳桦云冷杉过渡带中岳桦种群处于由衰退型向稳定型发展的阶段,而在岳桦苔原过渡带中则由稳定型向增长型过渡,从种群分布格局指数分析,岳桦在两个过渡带中的分布格局类型都是杂乱无章的,而且都偏离随机分布,处于由一个生态系统向另一个生态系统转换的相变区,从竞争指数和盒维数来看,在岳桦云冷杉过渡带中,这两项指标都是由小到大迅速递增,而在岳桦苔原过渡 情况刚好相反。     

濒危兰科植物流苏石斛的种群数量动态

运用静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了云南西双版纳地区流苏石斛两个种群——A种群(21°58′N,101°13′E,保护区之外)和B种群(21°54′N,101°17′E,保护区内)的种群数量动态.结果表明:种群存活曲线表现为Deevey-型.A、B种群均表现出幼龄个体死亡率高,中龄级个体数量少,说明中龄阶段曾受到较大的人为干扰.种群的净增长率(Ro)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)都较低,表现为衰退种群,Leslie矩阵模型分析表明在未来25年种群各龄级的个体数及种群总数均表现出持续下降趋势.种群下降可能是由于当地人为的采挖和严重的生境破碎化所导致.图2表4参16     

福建省明溪县极小种群野生植物喜树种群结构与动态特征

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)为中国特有种,也是中国120种极小种群野生植物之一。在第二次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查中,发现福建省明溪县角溪区域有喜树种群野生分布点。为了探讨该区域喜树种群的生存状况,基于样地调查数据,以径级代替龄级,编制种群静态生命表并引入4个生存分析函数,分析种群数量特征;利用种群动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群动态和未来发展趋势进行分析和预测。结果表明,(1)喜树种群龄级结构呈倒“J”型,各龄级均有个体分布,其中小树个体数量最多,幼苗、幼树存储量不足;种群动态指数在相邻龄级间存在一定的波动,V_pi和V_pi^′的值均大于零,表明该种群当前属于增长型,但种群对外界干扰比较敏感,抗干扰能力较差。(2)静态生命表显示,喜树种群存活数量和个体生命期望值都随着龄级的增加逐渐下降;种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,前期死亡率下降较为迅速,而后期死亡率下降趋于平缓;死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅱ、Ⅷ龄级出现峰值。(3)生存分析表明,该种群具有前期迅速下降、中期小幅波动、后期逐...     

Line intersect sampling: Ell-shaped transects and multiple intersections

The probability of selecting a population element under line intersect sampling depends on the width of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the transect, as is well known. The consequence of this when using ell-shaped transects rather than straight-line transects are explicated, and modifications that preserve design-unbiasedness of Kaiser's (1983) conditional and unconditional estimators are presented. A case against treating multiple intersections as multiple probabilistic events is argued on the basis, also, of preserving design-unbiased estimation.     

Influence of Forest Fragmentation on Community Structure of Frogs and Lizards in Northeastern Costa Rica

Abstract:  To better understand responses of reptiles and amphibians to forest fragmentation in the lowland Neotropics, we examined community and population structure of frogs and lizards in the fragmented landscape surrounding La Selva Biological Station in the Sarapiquí region of northeastern Costa Rica. We used diurnal quadrats and nocturnal transects to sample frogs and lizards in nine forest fragments (1–7 ha each) and La Selva (1100 ha). Species richness in all fragments combined was 85% of that found in La Selva with comparable sampling effort. Richness varied from 10 to 24 species among forest fragments, compared with 36 species at La Selva. Lizard density was higher and frog density was lower in forest fragments than in La Selva. Community composition varied among sites and by fragment size class, and species occurrence was nested with respect to fragment area. Isolation and habitat variables did not significantly affect species richness, composition, or nestedness. We classified 34% of species as fragmentation sensitive because they were absent or occurred at low densities in fragments. Nevertheless, the relatively high diversity observed in the entire set of fragments indicates that preserving a network of small forest patches may be of considerable conservation value to the amphibians and reptiles of this region.     

Estimation bias under model selection for distance sampling detection functions

Many simulation studies have examined the properties of distance sampling estimators of wildlife population size. When assumptions hold, if distances are generated from a detection model and fitted using the same model, they are known to perform well. However, in practice, the true model is unknown. Therefore, standard practice includes model selection, typically using model comparison tools like Akaike Information Criterion. Here we examine the performance of standard distance sampling estimators under model selection. We compare line and point transect estimators with distances simulated from two detection functions, hazard-rate and exponential power series (EPS), over a range of sample sizes. To mimic the real-world context where the true model may not be part of the candidate set, EPS models were not included as candidates, except for the half-normal parameterization. We found median bias depended on sample size (being asymptotically unbiased) and on the form of the true detection function: negative bias (up to 15% for line transects and 30% for point transects) when the shoulder of maximum detectability was narrow, and positive bias (up to 10% for line transects and 15% for point transects) when it was wide. Generating unbiased simulations requires careful choice of detection function or very large datasets. Practitioners should collect data that result in detection functions with a shoulder similar to a half-normal and use the monotonicity constraint. Narrow-shouldered detection functions can be avoided through good field procedures and those with wide shoulder are unlikely to occur, due to heterogeneity in detectability.     

Rapid declines of large mammal populations after the collapse of the Soviet Union

Anecdotal evidence suggests that socioeconomic shocks strongly affect wildlife populations, but quantitative evidence is sparse. The collapse of socialism in Russia in 1991 caused a major socioeconomic shock, including a sharp increase in poverty. We analyzed population trends of 8 large mammals in Russia from 1981 to 2010 (i.e., before and after the collapse). We hypothesized that the collapse would first cause population declines, primarily due to overexploitation, and then population increases due to adaptation of wildlife to new environments following the collapse. The long‐term Database of the Russian Federal Agency of Game Mammal Monitoring, consisting of up to 50,000 transects that are monitored annually, provided an exceptional data set for investigating these population trends. Three species showed strong declines in population growth rates in the decade following the collapse, while grey wolf (Canis lupus) increased by more than 150%. After 2000 some trends reversed. For example, roe deer (Capreolus spp.) abundance in 2010 was the highest of any period in our study. Likely reasons for the population declines in the 1990s include poaching and the erosion of wildlife protection enforcement. The rapid increase of the grey wolf populations is likely due to the cessation of governmental population control. In general, the widespread declines in wildlife populations after the collapse of the Soviet Union highlight the magnitude of the effects that socioeconomic shocks can have on wildlife populations and the possible need for special conservation efforts during such times. Declinación Rápida de las Poblaciones de Mamíferos Mayores después del Colapso de la Unión Soviética     

Patterns in species composition of rocky shore communities in sub-arctic fjords of eastern Iceland

Quantitative data on plants and animals from 20 transects of the eulittoral zone in 8 fjords of sub-arctic east Iceland were analysed by a number of classification and ordination techniques. Field work was carried out during two periods of spring tides in June and July 1987. The study was restricted to gently sloping stable bedrock, but transects were otherwise randomly chosen. Species composition was strongly influenced by the relative position of the transects along the length of the fjords. Species richness increased from heads towards mouths. Increased temperature fluctuations towards inner parts of fjords are suggested as an explanation for these patterns, while salinity is unlikely to be a critical factor. The analyses also indicate that degree of exposure, as measured both by a physically derived index and by a simple biological index, is an important factor in structuring these eulittoral communities, although affecting species richness only slightly, if at all. Classification of transects results in a number of community types which, however, are not well defined. A classification based on the presence/absence of three canopy-forming fucoids yields groups of transects differing in species composition and in degree of exposure. The rocky eulittoral communities of the fjords of eastern Iceland resemble those of northern Norway, but differ in that several key species of the latter communities are missing, probably largely due to the isolation of Iceland.     

Development of a new standardised method for sustainable monitoring of the vulnerable pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa

The aim of this survey was to test a standardised method to follow the demographic evolution of a dense aggregative ‘forest’ population of the temperate gorgonian Eunicella verrucosa (Octocorallia, Gorgoniidae) using in situ photographic recordings. Distribution, density, growth and demographic evolution of the colonies was compared along two parallel transects. Computer treatment allowed the estimation of the total branch fan surface area, and the individual growth of tagged colonies was determined by measuring the increase in this surface area, using consecutive photographs taken at two-year intervals. To integrate the potential bias of branch overlapping, we proposed a correction factor between the in situ photographic surface area and the surface area of the gorgonian calculated from ex situ photographic surface area with all branches deployed. The surface-frequency distribution of colonies was converted to estimated-age-frequency distribution using an estimated growth curve based on the net growth rate. The technique used revealed significant differences in population structure and the dynamics of gorgonian colonies, as the two transects appeared to be influenced by different environmental conditions. The recruitment also seemed to vary according to year and transect, resulting in different densities. Our work showed clear results in characterising the variations of gorgonian demographic evolution at a small spatial scale; thus, it is assumed that this method could be a sustainable tool for coastal environmental managers.     

长白山区公路对路域植物物种组成及多样性的影响

采用样线法对长白山区公路旁天然次生林和原始阔叶林的植物物种组成及多样性进行调查。分别选取具有代表性的两个试验点,在公路两侧且其垂直走向布设3条相互平行的样线,间隔5m。在样线上布设样点,调查的生态因子包括光强、温度及湿度;样方调查分为灌木和草本样方,分别记录种类、高度、盖度、株数。根据公路两侧生态因子、灌草植物组成及多样性变化情况,分析公路建设的生态影响。结果表明：（1）随着离公路距离的增加,光照、温度、湿度等环境因子呈现规律性变化,距离公路10m的位置是生态因子变化从剧烈到缓和的转折点;（2）公路建设对植物组成产生影响,随着离公路距离的增加,呈现从喜光植物到耐阴植物的变化,0～20m之间是优势种变化较剧烈的范围,而10m之内和20m之外样方之间优势种变化不大;（3）受路域环境因子改变的影响,公路建设对沿线植物的多样性影响包括正负两种,既增加了路域植物的多样性,同时也破坏了原生植被群落的稳定性;（4）从长白山区公路对草本、灌木植物组成及生物多样性影响的范围和程度来看,草本的影响范围超过20m,灌木的影响范围达到10m,影响范围：草本灌木。随着与公路距离的增加,公路对植物组成及多样性的影响程度降低。     

Determinants of population persistence and abundance of terrestrial and arboreal vertebrates stranded in tropical forest land-bridge islands

Megadams are among the key modern drivers of habitat and biodiversity loss in emerging economies. The Balbina Hydroelectric Dam of Central Brazilian Amazonia inundated 312,900 ha of primary forests and created approximately 3500 variable-sized islands that still harbor vertebrate populations after nearly 3 decades after isolation. We estimated the species richness, abundance, biomass, composition, and group size of medium- to large-bodied forest vertebrates in response to patch, landscape, and habitat-quality metrics across 37 islands and 3 continuous forest sites throughout the Balbina archipelago. We conducted 1168 km of diurnal censuses and had 12,420 camera-trapping days along 81 transects with 207 camera stations. We determined the number of individuals (or groups) detected per 10 km walked and the number of independent photographs per 10 camera-trapping days, respectively, for each species. We recorded 34 species, and patch area was the most significant predictor of vertebrate population relative abundance and aggregate biomass. The maximum group size of several group-living species was consistently larger on large islands and in continuous patches than on small islands. Most vertebrate populations were extirpated after inundation. Remaining populations are unlikely to survive further ecological disruptions. If all vertebrate species were once widely distributed before inundation, we estimated that approximately 75% of all individual vertebrates were lost from all 3546 islands and 7.4% of the animals in all persisting insular populations are highly likely to be extirpated. Our results demonstrate that population abundance estimates should be factored into predictions of community disassembly on small islands to robustly predict biodiversity outcomes. Given the rapidly escalating hydropower infrastructure projects in developing counties, we suggest that faunal abundance and biomass estimates be considered in environmental impact assessments and large strictly protected reserves be established to minimize detrimental effects of dams on biodiversity. Conserving large tracts of continuous forests represents the most critical conservation measure to ensure that animal populations can persist at natural densities in Amazonian forests.     

Behaviour and distribution of the sand-beach amphipod Orchestoidea corniculata

The field distribution of Orchestoidea corniculata Stont a talitrid amphipod inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of sandy beaches, was measured by pitfall trap and subsurface core transects. Variations in the distribution of juveniles and adults were recorded. At Coal Oil Point (Goleta, California, USA), the population was concentrated on the leeward side of the Point and, with increasing distance from the Point, both the number and size of beachhoppers decreased. The amphipods burrowed in a 5 to 7 m wide band during the day, and were active over a 15 to 25 m area at night. When they emerged from their burrows, a net seaward movement of 3 m was observed for the population. Behavioural tests suggested that sand penetrability is an important factor determining the location of burrow sites. Diurnal orientation was investigated, and it was found that the amphipods oriented in a landward direction despite overcast sky conditions, beach slope, moisture gradients, or displacement to a new beach.