茂名近岸海域中、小型浮游动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

近年来,随着茂名经济迅猛发展及涉海工程建设,其近海海域遭到日益严重的污染,海域环境日趋恶化。为更好地了解茂名近岸海域中小型浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,摸清中小型浮游动物的种类组成及其空间分布状况,保护近岸海域生物多样性,分别于2019年夏季(6月)和秋季(9月)对茂名近海浮游动物进行调查。调查共发现浮游动物52种,以桡足类为主(达到40种,占比76.92%)。秋季浮游动物平均丰度和平均生物量(分别为29.82 ind·m^-3和282.08 mg·m^-3)均高于夏季(分别为15.71×10³ ind·m^-3和110.23 mg·m^-3)。短角长腹剑水蚤(Oithona brevicornis)、小长腹剑水蚤(Oithona nana)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为茂名近岸海域春、夏季优势种。夏季和秋季浮游植物物种多样性指数平均值分别为3.06和2.69,丰富度指数平均值分别为3.65和3.38,均匀度指数平均值分别为0.71和0.66。运用BIO-ENV方法分析了浮游动物群落结构以及与浮游植物丰度、环境因子之间的关系,结果表明浮游植物丰度、溶解氧、盐度、水温、水深是影响夏季浮游动物群落的主要环境因子,水深、浮游植物丰度是影响秋季浮游动物群落的主要环境因子。     

深圳湾浮游动物的群落结构及季节变化

2008年2月、5月、8月和11月分别对深圳湾浮游动物进行了周年的季节调查,结果共检出浮游动物38种和浮游幼体13类,其中原生动物2种,腔肠动物4种,介形类1种,桡足类22种,软甲类3种,毛颚类3种,被囊类1种,多毛类2种,浮游幼体（包括仔鱼）13类。年均丰度和生物量分别为406.7 ind.m-3和764.0 mg.m-3,高峰均位于夏季,低谷分别位于冬、春季。种类数（包括浮游幼虫）秋季最多为43种,夏季次之为30种,冬季最少仅23种。主要优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartia pacifica、刺尾纺锤水蚤Acartia spinicauda、短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis、双生水母Diphyes chamissonis、卡玛拉水母Malagazzia carolinae、蔓足类幼体和桡足幼体等。多样性指数和均匀度年均值分别为2.568和0.526。回归分析表明浮游动物丰度和生物量与各环境因子之间存在明显的相关性,但有季节变化。     

曹妃甸近岸海域大、中型浮游动物优势种空间生态位研究

依据2014年曹妃甸海域2个航次调查资料,运用Levins公式和Petrailis指数测定了浮游动物优势种(类)群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度,采用冗余分析(RDA)研究了浮游动物生态位分化与环境因子的关系。结果表明,曹妃甸近岸海域2014年共鉴定出3大类9种浮游动物优势种和4种浮游幼虫,优势种更替率达到57.14%,其中,克氏纺锤水蚤(Acartia clausi)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为夏季主要优势种,小拟哲水蚤和双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)为秋季主要优势种。浮游动物优势种(类)群生态位宽度变化范围为0.28~0.93,将其划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类型。其中,夏季,广生态位代表种类为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)和克氏纺锤水蚤,中生态位代表种小拟哲水蚤等4种,窄生态位的种类包括无节幼虫(Nauplius larva)和蔓足类无节幼虫(Cirripedia larva);秋季,广生态位种类包括小拟哲水蚤、异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)等8种,中生态位种类包括腹足类幼虫(Gastropoda larva)和太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica),窄生态位的种类包括中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)。浮游动物优势种(类)群之间的生态位重叠指数范围为0.31~0.95,两季均呈现出广生态位种类之间的生态位重叠程度均较高,窄生态位的种类与其他生态位较宽的种类生态位重叠程度较低的特点。RDA排序结果表明,夏季无机氮、p H、温度、化学耗氧量和活性磷酸盐是影响浮游动物优势种(类)群生态位分布最大的环境因子;秋季主要环境影响因子为化学耗氧量、悬浮物、活性磷酸盐和盐度。该研究揭示了曹妃甸近岸海域浮游动物优势种空间生态分化程度,可为该海域生态环境保护提供依据。     

椒江口海域春秋季蟹类资源分布与环境的关系

为了解近岸河口海域蟹类资源分布及其与主要环境因子的关系,利用2010年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)椒江口海域渔业资源调查资料,分析了椒江口蟹类资源密度的分布、优势种以及水团、水深等环境因子对蟹类数量和分布的影响.结果表明:椒江口海域春季和秋季蟹类平均重量密度分别为74.57 kg km-2和62.73 kg km-2,尾数密度均值分别为3.63×103 ind.km-2和5.07×103 ind.km-2;蟹类密度平面分布特征,春季在调查海域蟹资源密度中部高于两侧,高密度区出现在椒江河口北部区域,尤其是受椒江径流影响明显的北部岛礁海域;秋季则两侧明显高于中部,尤其是大陈岛东南部受台湾暖流和浙江上升流影响的海域以及受椒江径流影响明显的西北部海域.逐步回归分析表明:椒江口温、盐度和水深与蟹类资源密度均无显著的相关关系;春季和秋季,日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)对蟹类资源密度贡献率均最大,为两季节唯一的优势种.本研究表明,椒江口蟹类资源密度分布不均匀,水团交汇处是蟹类资源密度的高值区,主要环境因子对蟹类资源分布影响不明显.     

长江口南北支浮游动物群落生态学研究

长江口特殊的生态环境使得浮游动物的种类组成、密度和时空分布等生态特征有别于其它水体。2005年秋季(丰水期)和2006年春季(枯水期)对长江口南北支浮游动物进行了2个航次的调查,沿南北支由西向东设立3个采样断面共20个采样点。共采集到浮游动物227种,其中轮虫65种,原生动物107种,枝角类15种,桡足类40种。优势种包括龟甲轮虫(Keratella)、刺簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、砂壳虫(Difflugia)、表壳虫(Arcella)、砂壳纤毛虫(Tintinnid)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、象鼻溞(Bosmina)等。文章对南北两支浮游动物的种类组成和结构进行了比较,南支浮游动物的种类、数量及生物多样都高于北支,南北两支的浮游动物群落相似度很低。南北两支水域环境的不同造成其浮游动物群落结构的较大差异,文章分析了环境因子与浮游动物群落结构的相关性,其中水温是重要的影响因素,水温的季节性决定...     

连云港海州湾海洋牧场浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解海州湾海洋牧场浮游动物群落结构季节性变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,分别于2015年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(10月)进行了3个航次的调查,共鉴定出浮游动物29种,其中,节肢动物门最多,有20种,毛颚动物门4种,腔肠动物门3种;桡足纲及甲壳纲浮游动物为当地主要种类。海州湾海洋牧场秋季浮游动物种类数达16种,大于夏季(10种)和春季(8种)。人工鱼礁区各个季节的浮游动物群落丰度与对照区无显著差异(P0.05),春、夏两季的浮游动物群落种类数无显著区域性差异(P0.05),而秋季对照区浮游动物种类数显著高于人工鱼礁区(P0.05)。海州湾海洋牧场浮游动物夏季种类数显著高于春季(P0.05);秋季浮游动物丰度显著低于春、夏两季(P0.05)。人工鱼礁区和对照区的Shannon-wiener多样性指数均在夏季达到最大值,分别为1.571和2.107,春季最小,为0.380和0.554;而均匀度则在秋季达到最大值,分别为0.214和0.224,且春季浮游动物群落结构与夏、秋两季相似度较低,夏、秋两季群落结构更复杂。典范对应分析结果表明,影响浮游动物群落丰度及分布的主要因素为海表温度(SST)、生物需氧量(BOD_5)、叶绿素(Chl-a)、溶解氧浓度(DO)和部分营养盐(SiO_3~(2-)-Si、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P),且影响因素存在季节性差异。浮游植物群落丰度也是影响浮游动物群落丰度及分布的重要因素之一。     

红碱淖浮游动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解红碱淖浮游动物群落结构特征及水质状况,科学保护沙漠湖泊生态健康,于2016—2017年调查了红碱淖浮游动物群落结构和主要水质理化指标,分析了该湖泊浮游动物现存量和多样性的季节变化规律及影响因子。结果表明,红碱淖全年共调查到浮游动物30属35种,种类组成以轮虫为主,占比为41.67%,优势种以小口钟虫(Vorticella microstoma)、唇形叶轮虫(Notholca labis)、虱形大眼溞(Polyphemus pediculus)、蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)为主,种类数季节变化表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。浮游动物年平均密度为61.9 L^-1,变化范围4.2～326.3 L^-1,年平均生物量为0.193 mg·L^-1,变化范围为0.001～1.138 mg·L^-1,浮游动物现存量存在季节差异,呈现出夏季>秋季>冬季>春季的特点。浮游动物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和...     

贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

由于处于食物链的中间位置,浮游动物在水生生态系统中起着至关重要的作用,其群落特征、动态演替等很大程度上受到水体理化因子的性质和相互作用的影响;研究浮游动物群落结构的变化及其与水环境之间关系,对了解水生生态系统的变化、生态过程、水质状况等有着重要意义。为了解贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落特征、长期变化以及水质现状,笔者于2014年夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)对草海浮游动物和主要水质指标进行了两次调查采样,分析了浮游动物种类、多样性、空间分布及其水质评价,并通过和以往同季的研究数据进行对比,探讨了30年来草海浮游动物的变化状况。结果表明,草海浮游动物种类丰富,研究共检出浮游动物83属151种,其中原生动物31属60种,轮虫26属55种,桡足类15属18种,枝角类11属18种;优势种有5种,主要的优势种为桡足类的大型中镖水蚤(Sinodiaptomus sarsi);草海浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数较低,年均值分别为1.14和0.47。草海浮游动物群落结构季节变化明显,种类组成上,夏季110种,秋季75种,夏秋共有种有34种,季节更替率达77.5%;数量构成上,夏季丰度为1 505.53 ind·L~(-1),秋季丰度506.66 ind·L~(-1),夏季明显高于秋季。利用综合营养状态指数和浮游动物群落参数对草海水质进行评价,结果显示2014年草海水质处于中营养-中污染水平。与历史时期相比,草海浮游动物种类变幅较小,但浮游动物丰度却大幅度降低了,优势种也发生了较大的改变,这可能与草海水质的剧烈变化有关,但具体的生态过程和驱动机制还需深入研究和长期监测。     

长江口南北支浮游动物群落生态学研究

长江口特殊的生态环境使得浮游动物的种类组成、密度和时空分布等生态特征有别于其它水体。2005年秋季（丰水期）和2006年春季（枯水期）对长江口南北支浮游动物进行了2个航次的调查,沿南北支由西向东设立3个采样断面共20个采样点。共采集到浮游动物227种,其中轮虫65种,原生动物107种,枝角类15种,桡足类40种。优势种包括龟甲轮虫（Keratella）、刺簇多肢轮虫（Polyarthra trigla）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、砂壳虫（Difflugia）、表壳虫（Arcella）、砂壳纤毛虫（Tintinnid）、中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）、广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti）、象鼻溞（Bosmina）等。文章对南北两支浮游动物的种类组成和结构进行了比较,南支浮游动物的种类、数量及生物多样都高于北支,南北两支的浮游动物群落相似度很低。南北两支水域环境的不同造成其浮游动物群落结构的较大差异,文章分析了环境因子与浮游动物群落结构的相关性,其中水温是重要的影响因素,水温的季节性决定了浮游动物在时间分布上的变化。盐度对浮游动物群落结构的影响主要决定了其物种生态类型及空间分布。从整体上看,南北支主要受长江径流控制,浮游动物的种类组成以淡水种为主,咸水种在断面3出现较多。     

滆湖后生浮游动物群落结构研究

为了解滆湖浮游动物群落现状,于2009年5月至2010年3月对滆湖后生浮游动物群落结构特征和物种多样性进行调查.结果显示,滆湖后生浮游动物为100种,轮虫25属52种,枝角类12属21种,桡足类14属27种.后生浮游动物优势种主要有萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、桡足幼体(copepodid)和长额象鼻潘(Bosmina longirostris).后生浮游动物年均密度为1572 L-1,轮虫数量占后生浮游动物总数的98.7％,后生浮游动物密度以春季为最大.后生浮游动物年均生物量为2.34 mg·L-1,生物量以夏季为最大,枝角类生物量与桡足类密度间呈极显著正相关(r=0.516,P＜0.01),轮虫生物量与桡足类生物量间呈显著负相关(r=-0.517,P＜0.05).滆湖后生浮游动物的密度和生物量随季节变化明显,各季节密度由大到小依次为春季、夏季、秋季和冬季,生物量由大到小依次为夏季、春季、秋季和冬季;后生浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数值表明滆湖水体处于轻-中污染状态.     

椒江口海域浮游植物与富营养化的关系

根据2010年椒江口海域3个季节的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨该海域浮游植物、富营养化和赤潮之间的关系.自该海域共鉴定浮游植物81种,赤潮种35种,由于受椒江径流、浙江沿岸流、台湾暖流和上升流共同影响,浮游植物种类数、平面分布及优势种有明显的季节变化;最主要的赤潮优势种是旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、具槽直链藻(Melosira sulcata)和琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscusjonesianus);调查期间海域富营养化指标E值大于1,富营养化程度较为严重,但浮游植物群落结构较为稳定,多样性指数较高,并未发生赤潮.     

我国硝基苯的海水水质基准及生态风险评估研究

以一种重要的化工原料硝基苯为研究对象,通过收集、筛选我国本土物种的硝基苯海水生物毒性数据,同时针对我国海区生物特点补充8种典型海洋受试生物的毒理学实验,应用物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法推导了用于保护水生生物的我国硝基苯海水水质基准值。在此基础上,尝试应用2种概率生态风险评估方法初步评估了硝基苯在我国东海椒江口水体中的生态风险。研究结果表明,用于保护我国海水生物的硝基苯水质基准高值为1.42 mg·L-1,低值为0.037 mg·L-1,与应用SSD方法推导的硝基苯淡水水质基准差异不大。商值概率分布法和联合概率曲线法的风险表征结果表明,硝基苯对椒江口中的水生生物存在潜在的生态风险,需要管理部门采取一定的风险管控措施。研究结果有望为我国水质基准、生态风险研究及硝基苯的海水水质标准制定提供参考。     

椒江河口滩涂贝类时空分布与环境因子的关系

在椒江口两岸共布设6条潮间带采样断面,于2007年10月和2008年1月、4月和7月进行大型底栖动物及环境因子(水温、沉积物温度、沉积物结构、盐度、滩涂宽度、总有机物和油类含量)的调查和测定;运用典范对应方法分析了贝类栖息密度和生物量与各环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)研究区域共记录到贝类动物23种,其中腹足纲16种,双壳纲7种;(2)贝类柄息密度和生物量季节变化不显著,空间变化显著,平均值分别为610.01 ind m~(-2) 和25.40 g m~(-2);岩头断面中国绿螂的栖息密度和生物餐的季节均值分别可达2 415.28 ind m~(-2) 和110.41 g m~(-2),远高于其他物种;(3)典范对应分析结果显示,滩涂宽度、油类含量、有机质含量和沉积物粒度等环境因子与贝类的分布存在较大相关性.图5表3参28     

A model of vertical distribution of suspended matter in an open channel flow

A quasi-stationary model of vertical distribution of concentration of suspended particular matter in the bottom layer of 1D open channel with a sloped bottom and varying free surface slope is discussed. The model proceeds from the balance between the turbulent diffusion and settling with the buoyancy flux effects on the medium turbulence neglected. The model outcome is formulated in the form of an analytic formula for the vertical distribution of concentration. It is shown that the derived formula embraces two basic types of vertical distribution of concentration, one with a monotonic decrease of concentration gradient and the other with a gradient maximum (lutocline) located at some distance from the bottom. The first distribution type realizes for a relatively large settling velocity or low intensity of turbulence and the second type for a small settling velocity or high intensity of turbulence. The skill of the model to mimic realistic situations is demonstrated on data measured in the Jiaojiang Estuary (China).     

Composition of the fish fauna of a permanently open estuary on the southern coast of Australia,and comparisons with a nearby seasonally closed estuary

The fish faunas of the outer basin (Nornalup Inlet), inner basin (Walpole Inlet) and saline region of the main tributary (Frankland River) of the permanently open Nornalup-Walpole Estuary on the southern coast of Western Australia, were sampled bimonthly for a year using seine and gill nets, and also during a further two months by the former method. Although the Nornalup-Walpole Estuary is permanently open, the catches of fish in its shallows were dominated (98.4%) by estuarine-spawning species, thereby paralleling the situation in the nearby and seasonally closed Wilson Inlet. In contrast, larger representatives of several marine species were present in appreciable numbers in the offshore, deeper waters of both of these estuaries. The delayed recruitment of marine species into these estuaries apparently reflects the distance that the juveniles of these species have to travel from the areas where they are believed predominantly to spawn. The larger representatives of marine species made a greater contribution to the fish faunas of the offshore, deeper waters in the Nornalup-Walpole Estuary than in Wilson Inlet (64.5 vs 36.9%) and, unlike the situation in the latter estuary, they included five species of elasmobranchs, two of which (Mustelus antarcticus and Myliobatis australis) were relatively abundant. Classification and ordination of the combined data for both estuaries demonstrated that the composition of the fish fauna in the offshore, deeper waters of the outer basin of the Nornalup-Walpole Estuary was particularly distinct, with some marine species being restricted to these waters. This is presumably related both to the presence of a permanently open entrance channel and the relatively deep waters found in Nornalup Inlet, which allow the ready exchange of water between the sea and estuary and the maintenance of high salinities in the deeper regions of the outer basin for much of the year. The fish faunas in Walpole Inlet and the tributaries of both the Nornalup-Walpole Estuary and Wilson Inlet were more similar to each other than they were to those in the more seawards end of either estuary. This similarity reflects the apparent preference of certain teleosts, such as the estuarine species Acanthopagrus butcheri and the marine species Mugil cephalus and Aldrichetta forsteri for reduced salinities and/or features associated with riverine environments.     

春、夏季长江口海域营养盐的时空分布特征及营养结构分析

2009年春季（5月）和夏季（8月）分别对长江口海水中的营养盐（DIN、SiO32--Si、PO43--P）进行调查,分析其时空分布特征,探讨其影响机理,并对富营养化水平进行了评价。结果表明：春、夏季表、底层DIN、SiO32--Si的平面分布有从近岸向离岸逐渐降低的特点,而PO43--P则表现出一种缓冲现象;各营养盐在表、底层的质量浓度春季均小于夏季,且DIN的主要存在形式均为NO3-_N;DIN、SiO32--Si主要来源于径流输入,PO43--P则有多种来源。春、夏季表、底层SiO32--Si/PO43--P、DIN/PO43--P均远大于Redfield值,具有营养盐比例不平衡的特征,且DIN/PO43--P、SiO32--Si/DIN、SiO32--Si/PO43--P在长江口海域的分布不均匀;从浮游植物吸收DIN/PO43--P的配比分析,PO43--P是春、夏季长江口海域潜在性营养限制因子;春、夏季E值均远大于富营养化阀值,该海域富营养化现象严重。     

Spatial and seasonal differences in the fish fauna in the shallows of a large Australian estuary

Samples of fish were collected by beach seine throughout the shallow waters of the large Peel-Harvey estuarine system (south-western Australia) in the wet (June to November) and dry periods (December to May) between August 1979 and July 1981. The number of species, density and biomass declined with distance from the estuary mouth and rose with increasing temperature and salinity. Both classification and ordination distinguished the faunal composition of the saline reaches of the rivers from that of the narrow Entrance Channel and two large basins (Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary). Classification also separated the fauna of the riverine group into wet- and dry-period components, and divided samples taken in the Entrance Channel from those in the basins. Differences between the faunal composition of the Peel Inlet and its tributary rivers were related to differences in salinity regime. The riverine fauna was subjected to much more variable and lower minimum salinities. Species characteristic of the rivers included teleosts such as Atherinosoma wallacei and Amniataba caudavittatus, which are estuarine sensu stricto in southwestern Australia, the semi-anadromous Nematalosa vlaminghi and juveniles of the marine Mugil cephalus. The species diagnostic of the wet periods in the rivers were the estuarine species A. wallacei and Favonigobius suppositus, while the dry periods were characterised by the marine species Atherinomorus ogilbyi and Sillago schomburgkii. Marine species also characterised the Entrance Channel (Favonigobius lateralis, Sillago bassensis), whereas the indicators in Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary were Hyporhamphus regularis and Apogon rueppellii, both of which can pass through the whole of their life cycle in estuarine as well as marine environments.     

Anthropogenic metal pollution in surface sediments of the Tambaraparni River Estuary

Estuarine sediments in the<63 μm size fraction were collected from 15 stations within the Tambaraparni River Estuary, located on the east coast of India. The distribution of the heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was recorded. Our analysis distinguished two groups of elements. First, Cd, Pb and Zn, which occurred in higher than expected concentrations indicative of pollution, and second, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni, which occurred at background levels. The highest metal concentration found in the study area was for Zn (1200 μ g·g^?1), and the lowest was for Cd (0.42 μ g·g^?1). It is presumed that river run-off, industrial waters and untreated domestic waters are major contributors to heavy metal pollution in the Tambaraparni River Estuary. The concentrations of heavy metal species in surface sediments (<2 m water depth) of the Tambaraparni Estuary were studied to determine the extent of anthropogenic inputs from catchment areas and to understand anthropogenic effects on geochemical process in this tropical estuarine system.     

Annual occurrence,abundance and diversity of fish in a South Carolina intertidal creek

An intertidal creek in North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, USA, was sampled monthly for 1 year to determine the occurrence, abundance and diversity of fish species. Sampling was so conducted as to reduce sampling bias to a minimum and all individuals caught were weighed and measured. A total of 16,611 individuals weighing 202.45 kg and comprising 51 species and 25 families of fish was collected. Three diversity indices were calculated for species number. Analysis of variance revealed that season had a highly significant effect on all indices and the number of species, but had no effect on the number of individuals caught.This work was supported by the Belle W. Baruch Foundation and the South Carolina State Development Board, and is Contribution No. 71 of the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research.     

近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估

为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。