要区分“三废治理”与“综合利用”

中央有关文件规定,各工业交通部门、各地区在更新改造资金中可拿出20%左右,专门用于企业的“三废”治理。对于这一规定,应当怎样理解和执行?“三废治理”项目与“综合利用”项目是个什么关系?如果明确了这一点,就会对企业治理“三废”,开展综合利用大有好处。我认为,“三废治理”着重点为“治”。     

《环境管理》 第五章 工业企业环境管理(上)

一、概述工业企业不适当地排放“三废”,是当前环境污染的主要原因。工业企业环境管理也就成为环境管理学的一个组成部分。为解决“三废”污染问题,我国工业企业经过了一番曲折,走过了一些弯路。早期,着重寻求“三废”处理途径,想建设一些“三废”处理设施来解决问题。一度带来了企业“三废”治理和整个环境保     

抓利润提留 治理污染

辽宁省锦州市用“三废”综合利用提留资金治理污染,取得显著成绩。锦州市有大量有用资源和能源从“三废”中排放掉,严重地污染大气、河流、海域和地下水。近几年来,锦州市环境保护局根据国家有关“三废”综合利用提留利润的文件,主动与有关部门协作,抓污染严重的企业用“三废”搞综合利用,既收回了资源和能源,又用提留的利润治理了污染,改善了环境。仅据1982年8个企业的统计,用“三废”搞综合利用创造的价值达5,718万元,获得利润1,838万元。其中,经财政、税务部门批准企业提留了1,001万元,用于治理     

开展农业环境保护工作建设“生态农村”

当前,在我国人口不断增加,人均耕地不断减少,农业自然资源破坏及工业“三废”、农药、化肥等严重地污染农业环境,生态平衡失调的情况下,大力开展农业环境保护工作,建设“生态农村”,已成为环境管理和科研的重要课题。针对农业生态环境存在的问题,并借鉴国际“生态农场”的经验,探索性地拟订了建设“生态农村”十一条试行标准:     

“双硝”联产效益分析

本文分析了硝酸生产中“三废”的来源,着重介绍了稀硝、浓硝联合生产工艺技术(简称“双硝”联产)如何把“三废”消除于工艺过程中。兴利除害,变废为宝,从而达到无污染制造硝酸的目的。并对国内同类型硝酸生产装置的“三废”治理情况作了概略比较。     

从设备能力平衡着手提高经济效益 控制“三废”污染

有计划、有重点地实施企业技术改造,是我们老企业充分挖掘生产潜力,提高技术经济效益,有效治理“三废”,减少“三废”污染的重要手段和必经之路。 1978年以来,我们从狠抓企业整顿入手,重点开展了技术管理基础整顿、全面质量管理和群众性的“一科二技”活动。“一科”就是抓重大科研项目的选题和攻关;“二技”就是抓技术改造项目和技术革新活     

环境问题与环境保护 第一讲:我国最严重的环境问题是什么?

我国在一个相当长的时间里,把环境问题主要看作是工业“三废”造成的污染。相应的,全国各地的环境研究机构,重点在抓“三废”处理的研究,各地的环境监测机构主要在抓“三废”污染的监测工作。这些工作是必要的,也取得了一定的成绩。     

“三废”资源化 生产大发展

我厂是为综合利用当地采金尾矿渣而建设的县、社、队联营企业。我们始终对生产过程中产生的“三废”进行综合利用,使“三废”资源化,既治理了“三废”改善了环境,又挖掘了企业的内在潜力,促进了生产的发展。产品由硫酸、磷肥两种,增加到氟硅酸钠、亚铵、保险粉、DSD酸、萤光增白剂、MH扩散剂等十     

新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（一）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。     

新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（二）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。     

硫酸盐还原菌对不同钢材的腐蚀及缓蚀作用

采用静态失重法测定了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对A3、N80、K0-95三种钢材的腐蚀速度。用不同浓度的1227杀菌剂对上述三种钢材的杀菌效果和缓蚀作用实验结果表明,在相同的介质中,不同材质钢的腐蚀速度差别很大,三种钢材的腐蚀速度由大到小依次为:K0-95,N80,A3。杀菌剂1227对各种材质钢的缓蚀效果也不相同,由大到小依次为:K0-95,N80,A3。SRB不是腐蚀钢的惟一因素,还有其他因素也导致钢材的腐蚀。     

A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR MEASURING RECENT RATES OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION1

ABSTRACT: The determination of sediment accumulation rates is important in understanding how these materials are affecting lakes and reservoirs ecosystems. In this study three methods were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates in the impounded backwater lakes behind Lock and Dam Nos. 8 and 9 on the upper Mississippi River. The three methods were: 1) a “spud” survey, 2) a survey of bottom contours, and 3) the use of fallout cesium-137. The field use of these three methods of determining sediment accumulation and the potential errors and merits involved in each method are discussed. The results from the field study in backwater areas along the upper Mississippi River showed the survey of bottom contour method gave the lowest rate of sediment deposition and the ¹³⁷Cs method gave the highest rates. Sediment accumulation rates from 0 to 7.8 cm per year were measured in the study area. All three methods are useful and have unique characteristics for determining rates and patterns of sediment accumulation. Thus the choice of a method to be used in a sediment survey is dependent on the type of information needed and the time available.     

微生物降解炼油厂含酚废水的实验研究

采用燕化集团公司炼油事业部污水厂的活性污泥为菌源 ,好氧条件下通过分离、驯化筛选出三种高效降酚微生物。并在实验室模拟三相生物流化床分别对人工含酚废水和燕山石化炼油厂含酚废水进行降解实验 ,结果显示 ,在三相生物流化床中使用微生物包埋法制作的海藻酸钙载体处理含酚废水 ,3小时段内降酚显著 ,t -testP <0 0 1,处理效果良好 ,并以海藻酸钠为主要原料制作载体可以极大降低处理成本     

浅析珠三角工业结构与环境污染物的灰色关联

根据2004—2009年珠三角地区各种工业结构、总产值以及工业“三废”排放量等数据,运用灰色关联分析研究了珠三角工业生产规模结构、轻重工业结构、行业结构、工业生产结构与不同环境污染物之间的关联程度。结果表明：珠三角3种生产规模的企业中与工业“三废”关联最大的是中型企业,其次是大型企业,小型企业最小;相对重工业,珠三角轻工业与工业“三废”的关联较大;珠三角工业主导行业与工业“三废”的关联度排序：采矿业〉制造业〉电力燃气及水的生产和供应;就产业结构来说,与污染物的灰色关联度依次是：第一产业、第二产业、第三产业。     

Evaluating Holistic Environmental Consequences of Brownfield Management Options Using Consequential Life Cycle Assessment for Different Perspectives

Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused sites whose reuse necessitates some sort of intervention. These sites are largely urban and are frequently contaminated. Brownfield management options can be associated with three types of environmental consequences: those resulting from changes in the site’s environmental quality (primary impacts); those resulting from the actual intervention stage (secondary impacts); and, if the vocation of the site changes, those resulting from effects on regional land use (tertiary impacts). Different stakeholders and decision-making contexts will place a different importance on each of these types of impacts. This article proposes a framework for comparing brownfield management options in regard to these three types of environmental impacts and for interpreting these results from different perspectives. The assessment framework is based on consequential life cycle assessment (LCA), which is shown to provide environmental information on the three types of impacts. The results for a case study are presented, where a “rehabilitation” option allowing residential redevelopment is compared to an “exposure minimization” option not resulting in the site being reused. Calculated primary and tertiary impacts are favorable to the rehabilitation option, whereas secondary impacts are favorable to the exposure minimization option. A ternary diagram presents the favorable option for different stereotypical perspectives. Tertiary impacts are much greater than secondary impacts, and consequently all perspectives that consider tertiary impacts favor rehabilitation. The perspective that considers primary and secondary impacts receives conflicting information. The ternary diagram, showing results for all perspectives, could possibly be useful for consensus-building among stakeholders.     

STRATEGIES TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Strategies for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution are discussed in terms of three representative states and eighteen regional agencies. The programs in Virginia, New York, and Wisconsin are seen to exhibit control options which range from voluntary action to strict regulation. Four conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, nonpoint sources of pollution are a major component of the overall water pollution problem in the three states. Second, technical controls are generally available to solve the problems. Third, existing controls programs are not necessarily technologically sound or cost effective. Finally, existing control programs are capable of instituting solutions to the problems if and only if specified actions take place within the respective states and regions in the future. Critical research needs are identified which will assist states and regions in developing cost effective programs to control nonpoint source pollution.     

Scoring Corporate Environmental Reports for Comprehensiveness: A Comparison of Three Systems

Corporate annual environmental reports can be judged by the comprehensiveness of their coverage; this paper uses three published comprehensiveness scoring systems to judge 28 such reports (mostly dated 1998) from large US corporations. Earlier (nominally 1996) reports from the same companies were previously scored using one or two of the same systems, and the published results are compared with scores from the current round of reports. The scores of all three scoring systems are significantly correlated for the 1998 environmental reports, indicating that to some degree they are scoring the same features, but with quite a lot of scatter between the scores of one of the systems and those of the other two. There is, however, no correlation between the scores on the 1996 reports and the 1998 reports using the same systems on both. Evidently, most of the 1998 reports were not prepared with the intent of maximizing scores from any of the three scoring systems. Although the three systems achieve similar ranking of the 1998 reports for environmental comprehensiveness, the average normalized scores of one of the systems is significantly higher than those of the other two, reflecting a shorter list of topics and one more in keeping with the practices of the report writers. Because the scoring systems measure the number of topics covered and the depth of discussion rather than the quality of environmental performance, maximum scores could be obtained even with poor performance.     

表面活性剂修复重金属污染土壤的研究

本文探讨了3种常用表面活性剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、聚山梨脂(Tween-80)对被重金属铬、镉污染了的土壤的修复洗脱作用,以及被污染土壤对3种表面活性剂的吸附作用。淋洗实验结果表明,3种表面活性剂对土壤中的铬、镉有明显去除效果,聚山梨脂(Tween-80)对污染土壤中铬和镉的去除率分别为61.2%和37.06%。实验表明,土壤对3种表面活性剂均有较强的吸附作用,这种吸附作用对土壤重金属的去除会产生不利的影响。     

Comparative Evaluation of Three River Water Quality Models1

Abstract: Selection of a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reaction model to incorporate into dissolved oxygen (DO) water quality models is an overlooked choice available to river water quality modelers. Data from rivers can serve in screening methods to discriminate between competing water quality models. In this study, 15 published BOD and DO datasets based on a 7 year long study of the Bormida River in Italy are used to calibrate three‐multiorder BOD models: first‐order, three‐halves order, and second‐order, which are then included in three corresponding DO models which incorporate these BOD models. The adequacy of the first‐order, three‐halves order and second‐order BOD models was evaluated by calculating the root mean square error between a model and data. A similar procedure was followed to evaluate three DO models, each of which incorporated one of the three BOD models. The first‐order BOD model most frequently fit the river data best, followed by the three‐halves order and the second‐order BOD models. The DO model incorporating a first‐order BOD model most frequently fit the data best, followed by the DO order incorporating second‐order BOD and the DO model incorporating three‐halves order BOD.     

Predicting preference for familiar,everyday objects: An experimental confrontation between two theories of aesthetic behaviour

The work reported compared the predictive ability of two theories of aesthetic behaviour, using normal, everyday objects. This involved utilizing simulated items of furniture in three experiments in which predictions deduced from the ‘collative-motivation’ model and what has been termed a ‘preference-for-prototypes’ model were made to compete empirically. For each of the five pairs of discrepant expectations formulated in the three experiments the outcomes were inconsistent with Berlyne's model, while supporting the prototypicality model. A number of theoretical implications are drawn from these findings.