矿物在生命起源前合成中的作用的审视

探论了矿物在生命起源前化学中的可能作用.强调了涉及生物要素从无机形态转化为简单的有机分子的反应.详细讨论了3个中心问题①矿物可能促进的反应类型;②地球早期具有催化潜力的矿物的存在;③用于评估矿物在地球早期生命起源前化学中所扮演的角色的可行的研究策略和方法.     

Ontogenetic data and the evolutionary origin of the mammalian scapula

One of the most useful diagnostic therian features is the division of the lateral surface of the scapula into two fossae separated by a scapular spine. A new model to describe this evolutionary innovation based on ontogenetic data is provided, consistent with information provided by recent fossil discoveries. The development of the scapula in three didelphid and one dasyurid marsupials using histological sections was studied. Only the ventral, acromial portion of the scapular spine, which originates from the anterior margin of the scapular blade, is preformed in cartilage. The major dorsal portion is formed at a later stage by appositional bone, which expands from the perichondral ossification of the scapula into an intermuscular aponeurosis between the supra-and infraspinatus muscles. This intermuscular aponeurosis inserts more or less in the middle of the lateral surface of the developing scapula. Thus, the floor of the supraspinous fossa is already present at the beginning of scapular development, simultaneous with the infraspinous fossa. The portion of the scapular spine that is situated dorsal to the acromial process is hypothesized to be a neomorphic structure of therians. The dorsal portion of the scapular spine evolved as additional attachment for powerful supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles meeting near the middle of the lateral scapula.     

Model consideration for the origin of life

In an attempt to understand the origin of living systems we encounter the following problems: How can we conceive the origin of the first self-reproducing forms, and by means of what stimuli could a constant increase in the complexity of such forms commence? How can a translation apparatus for genetic information develop? One cannot that such an apparatus for the synthesis of enzymes can function alone without the interference of enzymes themselves, which, however, could only become available after the construction of the apparatus itself. What stimulus mechanism is conceivable that leads to the division of the genetic apparatus into a replication system, and an enzyme-synthesis system?The main problem therefore, is not the search for basic theoretical concepts. It is not a question which can be answered by means of specific experiments. One should rather explore the principal possibilities of how molecules combine to produce more and more complicated functional units. We look for the fundamental structural changes in the organizational systems and the driving forces initiating these developments. Questions concerning the detailed chemical realization are of secondary importance. In trying to solve the puzzle of how the genetic apparatus is gradually built up as complex aggregates of molecules, we consider a consistent causal chain of simple and transparent physicochemical model steps.     

生物活性炭老化对滤池过滤阻力和处理效果的影响

利用饮用水厂运行10年的生物活性炭(BAC)装填滤柱,研究活性炭老化对滤柱过滤阻力和处理效果的影响.结果表明,活性炭老化会产生大量小粒径颗粒炭,沉积于活性炭池表层的小粒径颗粒炭产生的过滤阻力是滤柱总阻力的主要来源,其比阻约为底层炭的22倍.强化反冲洗仅可降低初始过滤阻力,移除表层细炭是降低活性炭滤池阻力的有效方法.强化反冲洗对滤柱过滤性能无显著影响.移除表层细炭后,老化活性炭滤柱对总有机碳的去除率由24.71%下降至7.04%,而后恢复至移除前的水平.移除表层炭后老化活性炭对UV₂₅₄和大于2μm颗粒数的去除率与对照组活性炭相似.降低活性炭滤池的反冲强度、延长过滤周期是延长老化活性炭寿命的有效方法.     

Chemical and biological flocculation process to treat municipal sewage and analysis of biological function

The pilot-scale experimental apparatus and the procedure of the chemical and biological flocculation process to verify the feasibility in treating Shanghai municipal sewage were introduced in this paper. In addition, the biological function of the process was discussed. The results of optimal running showed that in the reaction tank, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid(MLSS) was 2 g/L, hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 35 min, dosage of liquid polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was 60 mg/L, and the concentration of polyacrylamide(PAM) was 0.5 mg/L. The effluent average concentrations of CODcr, TP, SS and BOD5 were 50 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, 18 mg/L, and 17 mg/L, respectively. These were better than the designed demand. In addition, the existence of biological degradation in this system was proven by several methods. The removal efficiencies of the chemical and biological flocculation process were 20% higher than that of the chemical flocculation process above at the same coagulant dosage. The treatment process under different situations was evaluated on a pilot-scale experiment, and the results provided magnificent parameters and optimal condition for future operation of the plant.