水电工程建设伤亡事故宏观预测模型及其应用

根据水电工程建设过程的特点,运用现代控制理论和系统辨识小子样建模新技术以及现代统计信息技术,建立了伤亡事故预测数学模型.此模型不仅可以用于水电工程建设过程的安全预测,还可以用于危险控制的定量管理.     

大型水电工程施工的安全管理——江西丰城发电厂冷却塔重特大事故的教训及思考

大型水电工程建设施工过程中安全隐患众多,安全风险高,生产安全事故时有发生,社会影响极大。以江西丰城发电厂冷却塔坍塌事故为例,分析了事故经过和事故原因,并结合大型水电工程建设施工过程中的安全风险,提出了应吸取的教训和防范对策。研究表明:江西丰城发电厂冷却塔坍塌事故教训及防范措施对大型水电工程建设施工过程中预防生产安全事故的发生具有借鉴和参考价值。     

风险管理在水电工程中的应用

水电工程是一个在建设过程中充满风险的、相当复杂的系统工程,其风险管理伴随着工程建设的全过程.随着我国水电工程建设体制改革的进一步深化,风险管理越来越受到工程界的重视.分析了在水电工程中存在的主要危险有害因素,提出了具体的风险管理和评价方法,并对一些主要的评价方法进行了大致的比较,同时对水电工程的风险管理工作提出了一些改进措施.     

水电工程建设施工生产性粉尘危害及治理

介绍了水电工程建设过程中长期存在的生产性粉尘污染及其危害问题，并提出了治理粉尘污染的有关建议。     

现代因果连锁理论在水电工程中的应用

简单介绍了现代因果连锁理论,结合在公伯峡水电站厂房施工安全管理的实践与探索,论述了现代因果连锁理论在水电工程安全管理中的实际应用以及应用的意义,希望能对水电工程施工安全管理有一定的帮助.     

现代因果连锁理论在水电工程中的应用

简单介绍了现代因果连锁理论，结合在公伯峡水电站厂房施工安全管理的实践与探索，论述了现代因果连锁理论在水电工程安全管理中的实际应用以及应用的意义，希望能对水电工程施工安全管理有一定的帮助。     

从水电工程国际标看合同文件安全管理内容的重要性

改革开放，建设有中国特色的社会主义，为中国的水电建设注入了新鲜的血液，中国人走出国门承包水电工程，外国人跨过国界参加中国水电工程。中国经济建设在很多方面都已开始与国际惯例接轨，以适应国际工程（特别是土木工程）施工要求的“菲迪克”条款，但是怎样搞好水电工程国际标的施工安全管理，的确是一个新课题。“菲迪克”条款在世界土木工程建设中已被各国所公认，中国人还比较陌生。该条款是组成合同文件的骨架，按照“菲迪克”条款要求形成的合同文件是业生、工程师和承包商在整个施工过程中责、权、利的行为准则。一、合同文件是…     

基于微信的大型水电工程安全隐患排查治理系统研发与应用

为了提高水电施工过程中安全隐患排查治理的有效性,通过对水电工程施工不安全行为信息采集和安全风险控制分析,提出了基于微信的大型水电工程微安全隐患排查治理概念和实时交互闭环的微安全控制机制,包括:精益-实时采集,对水电工程中的隐患排查治理精确到具体的执行、计划和监督者以及隐患发生的位置;快捷-反馈驱动,隐患提出上报与整改执行者、监督者实现交互实时反馈机制,通过反馈不断找到正确的控制策略;扁平-闭环控制,安全隐患从发现、识别、整改到数据挖掘和利用一体化持续循环,扁平化闭环管理控制。研发的微安全系统在白鹤滩、乌东德等大型水电工程中取得成功应用,对同类土木工程也具有应用价值。     

水电工程安全事故发生机制与管理对策

为预防水电工程建设周期中人员伤亡事故,研究其发生机制与管理对策;用数据统计方法,分析我国水电工程的事故和隐患特征,并从机制上论述从安全隐患到安全事故的演变过程和内在联系;结合水电工程安全生产管控实际,构建水电工程全面风险管控体系,形成实时动态控制风险的具体对策。研究表明:以在线扁平化的安全隐患排查治理平台为抓手,从源头治理安全事故,能大大降低水电工程施工现场的事故率,推进现场安全文化的形成。     

水电地勘企业安全生产工作几点探讨

地勘工作是水电工程设计工作的基础性工作,它的情况直接影响到设计工作质量和水电工程建设,有必要对地勘队伍的安全生产管理工作进行分析研究,以适应水电工程建设和发展的需要. 1 安全生产现状及存在问题 (1)企业改制,专业扩展.随着电力体制改革的不断深入,主辅分离辅业改制,水电勘测设计企业的地勘单位除积极配合水电工程设计,认真搞好地勘工作外,还要拓宽业务范围,从事基础工程勘察、钻孔灌注桩、人工挖孔桩、深层搅拌桩、振冲桩、铁路隧道施工、路桥基础、高边坡治理等.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。