海洋健康状况评价中沉积物试样消化方法的探讨

海洋污染监测中,沉积物试样的分解一般采用酸溶法,这是由于容易作到选择性溶解,沾污少,可作到统一消化方法并采用多种分析方法(如原子吸收分光光度法,极谱法、分光光度法等)测定多种重金属元素。但是,在以往实践中,在测定前的试样消化方法不一致,导致监测数据缺乏可比性,为了解决这个问题,本文以沉积物中铜、铅、镉、锌及铬为对象对几种酸法消化试样的方法作了试验比较,从而选出了适应于各种分析方法,简便易行,准确度好的酸化消化方法。 试样(已粉碎并通过200目)经消化后,用过滤与不过滤两种方式制成待测溶液。其中铜、铅、锌用催化极谱法测定,铬用无火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,镉用阳极溶出伏安法测定。四种酸法消化方法的操作步骤如下:     

测定海洋生物体中铜的湿式消化法探讨

本文提出的生物样湿式消化法,与常规的干式消化法相比较,具有两方面优点(1)只需少量的生物样就可直接消化测定,省去样品的烘干,研磨及过筛;(2)仅用硝酸和过氧化氢作为消化剂,在常压下全开放加热消化,既能破坏有机物,又使金属挥发损失最小。 试剂和生物样制备     

粉煤灰测定若干消化方法的比较研究

采用多种消化法对粉煤灰标样进行消化处理,通过较系统的实验分析对比,寻求到了最佳消化体系,取得了较满意的结果.实验中采用直接火焰原子吸收法对其中微量铜、锌、铬元素含量进行测定;采用导数-原子捕集-火焰原子吸收法对其中痕量铅、镉进行测定.     

高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的再研究

用＂自控式高压蒸汽消解器＂作为高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的消化装置,详细研究了消化条件,最后确定,消化体系中（１／６）Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７浓度为０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度为１０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,催化剂Ａｇ＋浓度为０．０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,消化温度为１３０℃,恒温时间为２０ｍｉｎ。用此方法和条件测定了１２种单纯有机化合物和１６种不同工业废水的化学需氧量,与标准回流法相比,相对误差在－５．５－６．０％之间。     

ICP—AES光谱法同时测定固体废弃物中的多种元素

采用常规酸消化方法分解锑渣和铋渣固体废弃物试样．处理后的消解液直接用ＩＣＰ—ＡＥＳ法同时测定了Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、和Ｚｎ等多种重金属元素。方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规固体环境样品的分析。     

COD快速容量分析

本文以污水分析常用的二种COD分析方法,重铬酸钾法和库仑法为基础,研究了它们的优缺点。取长补短,调整了试剂用量,建立了一种消化时间短、滴定方便的快速、准确的测定新方法。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定水中砷(Ⅲ)、砷(Ⅴ)

以吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)络合砷(Ⅱ),氯仿萃取,用湿消化法处理萃取液,消除有机物质干扰,所得消化样品用氢化物发生-原子荧光测定砷(Ⅱ)。在水样中加入碘化钾还原砷(Ⅴ)至砷(Ⅱ),用相同方法测定总量。总量减去砷(Ⅱ)量,求得砷(Ⅴ)含量。     

氢化物——无色散原子荧光法测定土壤中砷,硒

前言 近年来,土壤中硒的测定通常用原子荧光法,此法仪器简单,灵敏、准确、快速,而砷的测定大多数是用新银盐光度法,该方法操作繁琐,复杂且费时。本文将上述两种元素用同一种测定方法,即氢化物-无色散原子荧光法,并且在同一土壤样品中,一次消化,不须分离,直接测定砷、硒,方法简便、快速。经本实验证明,方法的准确度、精确度均很好。     

用电热原子吸收光谱法直接测定废水中铅和镉

以往分析废水中的铅镉,均采取消化浓缩,火焰原子吸收光谱法来测定,不仅操作烦琐,时间长,影响因素较多,损失大,而且还因为水样中的铅镉含量低,往往达不到分析要求.采用常规的电热原子吸收光谱法进行测定,由于水样成分复杂,干扰大,分析的精度和准确度很难得到保证.虽然可以用经过消化后的样品来分析,然而,消化后的样品硝酸浓度较高,会严重缩短石墨管的使用寿命.     

水中微量磷及磷酸盐的测定——间接原子吸收分光光度法

本文介绍了通过测定磷酸铵镁中镁的含量,从而求得水中微量磷或磷酸盐含量的间接原子吸收法。水样用K_2S_2O_8处理,对消化方法、沉淀条件、共存离子影响作了实验,并与钼兰比色法作了比较,检出限较常规方法有较大提高。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.