森林土壤退化及其防治研究综述

介绍了土壤退化的概念；从树种生物学特性、人工林植物群落结构和栽培措施方面探讨了森林土壤退化的机理；提出了防治森林土壤退化的对策。文章最后指出，应从多学科的角度深入系统地研究地力衰退的机理，利用遥感、地理信息系统等高新技术手段构建包括计算机模拟模型、林地指南、关键决策系统、专家系统等在内的不同的预测和决策工具，同时加强天然林的进一步研究。     

土地退化研究综述

在归纳总结国内外学者对土地退化的概念内涵界定的基础上，综述了土地退化机理、类型划分、评价与监测、及防治与生态重建等方面的国内外研究进展，并在此基础上提出了进一步深入研究我国土地退化问题的方向：1)土地退化评价指标体系的研究；2)土地退化监测与预警的系统研究；3)重点土地退化类型及其退化机制研究；4)退化土地生态重建的原理、方法及技术体系；5)用经济手段进行生态环境建设；6)构建退化土地生态重建的政策保障体系；7)重建技术与模式的试验示范。     

农业生态与土地退化的土壤微形态研究

简要地介绍了土壤微形态研究方法及其在农业生态与土地退化研究中的应用,并回顾了近20a的国际土壤微形态研究的内容与进展.在过去的20a中,土壤微形态学在概念、现象的解释、分析技术'以及应用上都取得了前所未有的进展.特别在样品脱水方法、荧光分析、图象处理及定量分析技术上得到很大的发展.植物根系与土壤微结构的关系,土壤改良对结构的影响等方面研究取得一定的成就.利用土壤微形态研究农业生态系统中的根系与根际的生态过程,作物对水分和养分的吸收过程,人为活动对土壤退化,熟化的微形态指标,以及利用微形态指标评价人为因素在现代土壤过程中的作用等,是土壤微形态研究的最新动态.     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明:(1)地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。(2)在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。(3)其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类:潜在沙漠化类(轻度退化),轻度沙漠化类(中度退化),中度或重度沙漠化类(重度退化),其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

典型喀斯特地区土壤退化机理探讨:不同土地利用类型土壤水分性能比较

我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区以土壤退化为核心的环境退化形势严峻.揭示土壤退化过程和退化机理,是认识喀斯特这个特殊环境的土地生态系统诸多环境退化问题的一个重要途径.本文选择黔中猫跳河流域上游长顺县广顺乡典型喀斯特景观为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对不同土地利用类型的土壤水分性能进行了比较研究,以探讨喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理.结果表明,与基本无退化的本底林地相比较,草地土壤的水分性能明显变劣,表现为:土壤的持水能力下降,田间持水量和毛管持水量分别下降49.5%和56.2%;土壤供水能力降低,总有效含水量下降56.4%;土壤渗透性能减弱,150 min饱和渗水量减少70.1%.土壤的这些水分特征与土壤发生的强度和速度都有着非常密切的关系,草地土壤水分性能的这种退化将加剧土壤的侵蚀.可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区,土壤的水分退化是土壤退化的一个关键过程和因素.     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明：（1）地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。（2）在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。（3）其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类：潜在沙漠化类（轻度退化）,轻度沙漠化类（中度退化）,中度或重度沙漠化类（重度退化）,其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

中国湖泊水生植被退化现状与对策

以中国东部湖区与云贵湖区的若干湖泊为例,论述了中国湖泊水生植被退化的现状与问题。这些问题主要是水生植被分布面积缩小,水生植物分布深度下降,总生物量下降,物种多样性下降,耐污性较强的植物发展迅速。区别于国内外其它研究主要是从水生植物自身的生理学角度阐述水生植被退化的原因,本文是从人口密度、人口压力、经济发展、城市化进程等社会因素方面深层次分析了中国水生植被退化的因素,并且提出了可能的恢复对策与恢复过程中可能存在的问题。认为水生植被恢复,在截污的基础上,营造水生植被适宜生长的小生境至关重要。由于水生植被恢复与自然演替是一个同时存在的动态过程,以及水生植被恢复指标的不可确定等,所以水生植被生态恢复无论在基础理论研究方面还是生态工程实施技术上都有许多值得进一步探讨和研究之处。     

云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力的影响

探讨了云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力性质的影响．研究表明，土壤侵蚀使土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分淋失；同时，有机质含量减少，土壤有机无机复合量降低，松结态腐殖质减少．Ａ／Ｃ值下降；土壤中的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶等活性也因侵蚀而降低．土壤侵蚀越强烈，土壤肥力退化愈严重．     

土壤改良剂的研究与应用进展

土壤退化问题日益严重,土壤改良剂的研究与应用对防治土壤退化具有重要意义.文章综合国内外的研究与应用进展,把土壤改良剂分为天然改良剂、合成改良剂、天然-合成共聚物改良剂、生物改良剂四大类,概述了不同类型改良剂在土壤改良中的应用效果和存在的问题.以天然材料(特别是工农业废弃物)为原料研制新型多功能土壤改良剂是目前土壤改良剂研究的热点.过去的研究主要是针对土壤板结或缺水,以后应加强针对土壤生物退化方面的改良研究和控制各种改良剂负面影响的研究.     

草原退化与恢复过程中土壤有机矿质复合体分组研究

对采自处于不同发展方向和阶段的草原土壤分组提取有机矿质复合体,并对它的质量分数、腐殖质质量分数和组成、Ｃ／Ｎ比值等的变化做了分析,试图从土壤复合体变化的角度去认识草原的退化和恢复过程。研究发现土壤腐殖质绝大部分集中于粘粒和粉粒级复合体;退化草原恢复时,复合体腐殖质质量分数增加,并且组成也发生变化;而草原轻度退化时,复合体腐殖质质量分数会减少,但组成不会变化。     

人为作用对土壤环境质量的影响及对策

人为作用引起的土壤环境变化是衡量和反映土壤资源与环境质量的标志,它与当前世界关注的全球变化和可持续发展密切相关。本文着重讨论近百年来土壤环境的变化以及未来土壤环境变化的新趋势。通过大量的数据,阐述由于人为作用,上地退化和水土污染问题日益严重。文章还进一步从气候变化、人口压力和大型工程建设等几方面对未来土壤环境的影响进行了预测。最后提出了防治土地退化、水土污染及提高土壤环境质量的对策。     

Participatory assessment of soil degradation in the uplands of southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable agriculture and rural livelihoods

Rural household food insecurity and poverty are closely linked to soil degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, causes, degradation processes, coping strategies and need for interventions may vary from one place to another. This study was conducted in Mbinga District, SW Tanzania, to investigate causes and biophysical processes of soil degradation; effects on livelihoods, coping strategies and entry points for interventions. Implications for sustainable production and rural livelihoods are discussed. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), household surveys using a short open-ended questionnaire and biophysical exploration were the research tools used. Soil fertility depletion resulting from continuous cropping and erosion losses is the main form of soil degradation. Maize yield was 57% lower in fertility-depleted farms than in productive farms. Soil pH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and CEC accounted for 79% of variations in maize yield. Organic soil fertility amelioration was a common strategy used by smallholders. Use of beneficial tree and shrub fallows is the most environmentally, economically and socially promising improvement that can be used to build on the existing strengths of farmers' knowledge and strategies. Subsidy for the right type of fertilizers, infrastructure improvement and education of farmers on proper use of fertilizers should significantly contribute to improved and sustainable production and livelihoods.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态

参照《农药残留试验准则》,采用田间试验方法,研究了济南和杭州两年两地的氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺最终残留在甘蓝、土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.297 mg.kg-1,〈0.097 mg.kg-1;在甘蓝、土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期分别为7.2～8.9 d和6.9～10.7 d;统计分析表明,两地区甘蓝中的残留消解行为无显著性差异,土壤中的残留消解行为差异性显著,土壤性质的不同是影响消解过程的主要因素。文章为制定该农药在甘蓝上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Land cover and land use changes in a Brazilian Cerrado landscape: drivers,processes, and patterns

The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in South America. To create protection actions on any scale, understanding drivers and consequences of land cover and land use (LC and LU) is essential. This study defines the composition and configuration of a Cerrado landscape watershed from 1975 to 2011. Using Landsat images and socioeconomic census data, we determined the forces acting on LC and LU change processes and their consequences. LC classes differ from LU classes for landscape dominance and processes. Economic opportunities drove LU change and its spatial distribution was related to soil, streams, and roads. Deforestation was the main cause of forest loss but forest degradation was also important, with both presenting different patterns. The spatial distribution of bare soil was related to pasture in degradation and streams. Bare soil distribution was related to pasture in degradation and streams. We concluded that broad scale factors drove changes, but local features determined distribution, and that watershed conservation plans should act on different scales, with management being spatially explicit.     

Assessing biodegradation benefits from dispersal networks

The performance of biodegradation of organic pollutants in soil often depends on abiotic conditions and the bioavailability of these pollutants to degrading bacteria. In this context, bacterial dispersal is an essential aspect. Recent studies on the potential promotion of bacterial dispersal by fungal hyphae raised the idea of specifically applying fungal networks to accelerate bacterial degradation processes in situ. Our objective is to investigate these processes and their performance via simulation modelling and address the following questions: (1) Under what abiotic conditions can dispersal networks significantly improve bacterial degradation? and (2) To what extent does the spatial configuration of the networks influence the degradation performance? To answer these questions, we developed a spatially explicit bacterial colony model, which is applied to controlled laboratory experiments with Pseudomonas putida G7 organisms as a case study. Using this model, we analyzed degradation performance in response to different environmental scenarios and showed that conditions of limited bacterial dispersal also limit degradation performance. Under such conditions, dispersal networks have the highest potential for improving the bioavailability of pollutants to bacteria. We also found that degradation performance significantly varies with the spatial configuration of the dispersal networks applied and the time horizon over which performance is assessed. Regarding future practical applications, our results suggest that (1) fungal networks may dramatically improve initially adverse conditions for biodegradation of pollutants in soil, and (2) the network's spatial structure and accessibility are decisive for the success of such tasks.     

PSM in Böden:

The fate of pesticides in soil is incompletely described by the analytical determination of applied pesticides because a differentiation between the processes degradation and sorption which determine pesticide concentration in soils is not possible. By analyzing corresponding metabolites, degradation can be confirmed. Detailed mass balances considering the mineralization and formation of non-extractable residues are set up in closed model systems applying radiotracer techniques. This complex laboratory data can only be transferred to field conditions by mathematical modeling.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

人为诱导下中国的土壤退化问题

根据ASSOD人为诱导下土壤退化的概念，结合中国的实际情况，分析了中国土壤侵蚀、荒漠化、盐碱化、贫瘠化、潜育化、土壤污染和土壤生产力丧失等主要土壤退化类型的动态变化，概括了中国人为诱导下土壤退化的特点及研究前景。到目前为止，中国土壤侵蚀的总面积约占全国土地面积的六分之一，主要分布在黄河流域、南方红色土壤丘陵地区和东北地区；土壤荒漠化主要分布在北部和西北部，特别是农牧交错地带，其原因主要包括不当的土地利用方式和沙丘移动占据农地或牧场而使之丧失生产功能；土壤盐碱化主要分布在黄淮海平原、东北平原西部、黄河河套地区、西北内陆地区，其原因主要是由于人为灌溉造成的土壤次生盐碱化所致；由于过度垦殖，土壤因有机质匮乏而导致养分失衡；土壤养分长期的低投入、高支出造成全国范围土壤肥力的下降；土壤潜育化主要分布在东北和四川阿坝地区，冻融造成土壤表层滞水是其主要成因；随着化学农业和城市化对农田的影响，土壤中的有毒物质不断积累，土壤大量被用于非农业，土壤性状、环境发生了显著变化，也对人类健康构成了严重的威胁。     

接种降解菌对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯降解的影响

邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯〔Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP〕是农田土壤中常被检出的有毒有机污染物,在土壤中有较长的持留性,微生物降解是其从土壤中消失的主要途径.本文采用温室盆栽试验研究了接种两株从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到的高效DEHP降解菌及其混合菌悬液降解土壤中DEHP污染的效果,以及土壤中添加葡萄糖和种植作物对其降解效率的影响.结果表明,在土壤初始DEHP浓度为100mg kg-1的条件下,接种两种降解菌及其混合菌悬液都可显著提高土壤中DEHP消失的速率,其残留半衰期比不接种对照缩短了32~48d,但在相同条件下接种不同降解菌的处理之间没有显著差异.土壤中添加0.6%的葡萄糖虽然可以强烈地促进土壤微生物的整体活性,但并没有提高修复效率,反而在短期内延缓了降解菌对DEHP的降解,延长了DEHP在土壤中持留的半衰期;植物生长可显著提高降解菌的降解效率,降低土壤中DEHP的残留浓度.研究结果同时也表明,只添加葡萄糖或只种植植物对土壤中DEHP的降解并没有显著的影响.图3表4参14