PM2.5中类腐殖质表面活性测定方法与实例分析

建立了大气细粒子中类腐殖质（HULIS）表面活性的动态表征方法,并以华北平原乡村站点冬季大气PM_2.5样品为例,对PM_2.5中HULIS的表面活性进行表征.HULIS碳质组分（HULIS-C）浓度为2.0~4.6μg C/m³,占水溶性有机碳和总有机碳的比例分别为31%~40%和20%~26%.浓度为88~200mg C/L的HULIS水溶液,其表面张力相对于纯水降低了18%~22%.HULIS-C浓度在低于70mg C/L时表面张力降低显著,在88~320mg C/L之间降低相对缓慢.动态表面张力随着时间变化逐渐降低,在液滴形成后200s以内表面张力下降迅速,之后趋于平缓,说明表面活性分子在液滴中扩散趋于稳定需要一定的时间,该特征时间可能影响表面活性物质在云凝结核活化时的作用.证实了在污染地区的大气PM_2.5中含有一定量的表面活性物质,这些物质可能对颗粒物活化为云滴、雾滴过程产生显著影响;表面活性物质的存在可能在外界湿度变化过程中导致颗粒物发生液-液相分离现象,在颗粒物表面形成有机膜,影响活性分子摄取以及半挥发性物质的气-粒分配过程,从而影响大气非均相反应过程.     

农业干旱与气象干旱关联性——以淮河蚌埠闸以上地区为例

基于淮河蚌埠闸以上地区60个站点1961—2015年气象数据,计算作物水分亏缺指数（Crop Water Deficit Index,CWDI）与相对湿润度指数（Relative Moisture Index,M）,以冬小麦干旱作为农业干旱的代表,分析生育期内冬小麦干旱与气象干旱时空特征,并通过游程理论识别30场主要干旱事件的历时、烈度及重现期频率,展开农业干旱与气象干旱关联性研究,结果表明：（1）时间上,冬小麦生育期内农业干旱旱情年占比均高于气象干旱,年际差最多年份均发生在冬前生长期;（2）空间上,全生育期和各个生育期内的冬小麦干旱和气象干旱呈纬向分布,由南至北旱情逐渐加重,冬小麦干旱75%以上中旱占比发生在越冬期至灌浆成熟期,气象干旱仅在越冬期出现;（3）冬小麦干旱相较气象干旱存在延时,且烈度大于气象干旱,平均历时分别为18.8旬和17.3旬,平均烈度分别为12.2和9.9;（4）气象干旱历时达到1.28旬或干旱烈度达到3.35时,便会引发冬小麦干旱,且冬小麦干旱历时、烈度重现期频率大于气象干旱,农业干旱较气象干旱持续周期更长、频率及强度更大,气象干旱加剧农业干旱旱情。     

Functional regulatory spaces and policy diffusion in Europe: The case of mountains

The aim of this article is to propose a new analytical framework for comparing and explaining the emergence and diffusion of European regional mountain initiatives (ERMIs), envisaged as ‘functional regulatory spaces’ (FRS). The article examines three exploratory hypotheses. The first hypothesis considers that the different ERMIs (Alps, Pyrenees, Jura, Carpathian, Balkan Mountains, Dinaric Arc, Caucasus) can be compared, distinguished, and classified using the FRS approach. The second hypothesis addresses the relationship between the degree to which ERMIs correspond to an ideal-type FRS and their role and position within policy diffusion processes. We suggest that the more an ERMI corresponds to an ideal-type FRS, the more important is its role in diffusion processes. The third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between the degree of formalization and institutionalization of ERMIs and their role in policy diffusion processes. We argue that the more and the earlier an ERMI is “formalized” and “institutionalized” in a clear and robust way as a “mature” FRS, the more important its role, and the more central its position, in diffusion processes. This article is a very first attempt to link FRS and policy diffusion concepts. As such it seeks to assess the link's feasibility and relevance, rather than a definitive empirical (in)validation of the three hypotheses.     

Exploring tensions and conflicts in invasive species management: The case of Asian carp

There is a growing recognition that scientific and social conflict pervades invasive species management, but there is a need for empirical work that can help better understand these conflicts and how they can be addressed. We examined the tensions and conflicts facing invasive Asian carp management in Minnesota by conducting 16 in-depth interviews with state and federal agency officials, academics, and stakeholders. Interviewees discussed the tensions and conflicts they saw impacting management, their implications, and what could be done to address them. We found three key areas of conflict and tension in Asian carp management: 1) scientific uncertainty concerning the impacts of Asian carp and the efficacy and non-target effects of possible management actions; 2) social uncertainty concerning both the lack of societal agreement on how to respond to Asian carp and the need to avoid acting from apathy and/or fear; and 3) the desired approach to research and management – whether it is informed by “political need” or “biological reality”. Our study of these tensions and conflicts reveals their importance to Asian carp management and to invasive species management, more broadly. We conclude with a discussion of possible ways to address these areas of tension and conflict, including the potential of deliberative, participatory approaches to risk-related decision making and the need to productively engage with apathy and fear.     

自然保护地的文化景观价值演变与识别—以泰山为例

中国的自然保护地具有生态和文化双重价值,文化景观作为自然与文化的交界面,如何识别其价值对中国自然保护地的管理至关重要。以泰山为例,通过古籍文献和实地勘察等方法,从历时性角度对泰山的文化景观价值演变进行剖析。研究发现,泰山文化景观价值经历了山岳崇拜的自然价值、君权神授的政治价值、佛道信仰的宗教价值、祭祀游居的民俗价值及保护利用的综合价值五个阶段。结论认为：自然保护地文化景观价值的演变具有一定的规律性：名山自然保护地的文化景观价值演变是从自然到文化再到综合、从御到民、从单一到多元、从分离到融合的过程;自然保护地文化景观价值的构成要素包括思想基础、环境条件、行为方式及空间结果四部分,具有鲜明的完整性、系统性和动态性特征。文章还对自然保护地文化景观价值的识别策略进行了讨论,为相应类型的国家公园和其他类型自然保护地建设提供参考。     

Regulatory effectiveness and the long-run policy horizon: The case of U.S. toxic chemical use

This paper employs state-of-the-art time series analysis to examine the long-run economic and institutional drivers of toxic chemical use behavior in the U.S. Toxic chemicals are classified into growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and kinked-growth chemicals, according to their long-run use trend behavior. Cointegration analysis shows that while some toxic chemicals have been successfully reduced by regulatory efforts, a majority of the toxic chemicals used in commercial products share a long-run equilibrium with national accounts and industrial production, suggesting that toxic chemical use has been largely driven by changes in GDP, industrial production, and private R&D investments, rather than by government regulations. Estimated structural break results indicate that the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, which created the Toxic Release Inventory has had impact on the consumptive use of more poisonous industrial chemicals than command-and-control regulations.     

面向国土空间安全的城市体检评估方法及治理策略——以广州为例

中国快速城镇化进程中难以避免地出现了环境污染、发展粗放无序、治理乏力等城市病。城市体检作为贯彻落实中央城市工作会议精神的新型城市治理方式,已成为解决“城市病”,推动高质量发展的重要举措,但对其评估方法与实施路径的学术探讨较为欠缺。广州是全国开展城市体检的试点城市,在指标体系优化、城市问题诊断和治理策略探索方面有一定的代表性。以广州为例,聚焦于城市安全维度,建立了城市安全评估研究的基本框架,对指标体系筛选优化的技术方法进行了探究,提出从政策办法、标准规范、行动计划、建设项目等方面综合施策,并通过满意度调查和体检信息平台持续监测城市安全的治理成效,为国家城市体检工作提供研究支撑。     

国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控研究——以苏州市为例

立足新时期国土空间规划体系强化全域环境空间管控,推动各类环境要素管控分区降尺度与融合化,实现环境污染源头管控与精准落地,是系统应对当前高强度、复合型环境问题的有效途径.构建基于国土空间规划的全覆盖、多层级环境功能分区管控体系,在单要素人为污染物排放量和综合排放强度评价基础上,提出环境功能分区的管控等级集成评价模型,探索分区管理和分级施策的全域环境空间管控途径,并以高度工业化和城市化的苏州市为案例开展应用研究.结果表明：①基于国土空间规划体系的"三区三线"与现行环境要素管控分区的空间耦合性,建立由8个一级分区和21个二级分区构成的环境功能分区管控体系;②按照"三区三线"管控属性和综合排放强度,可进一步将环境功能分区的管控等级由高至低划分为Ⅴ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ及○级;③苏州市人为污染物排放量总体偏大,城镇空间内的工矿业生产空间及城乡居住空间、农业空间内的生产养殖空间的综合排放强度较高,主要分布于姑苏、虎丘等中心城区及昆山、常熟等工业集聚区;④苏州市Ⅴ级和Ⅳ级管控区以工矿业生产空间、城乡居住空间和特殊生产空间为主,Ⅲ级管控区以混合空间为主,Ⅱ级以农业种植空间和生产养殖空间为主,Ⅰ级和○级管控区主要包括一般生态空间和生态保护红线.案例应用表明,国土空间规划体系下的全域环境空间管控可操作性强,可实现环境规制精准落实到污染源空间;建议以环境功能分区分级管控体系为基础,将环境空间管控全面融入国土空间规划体系,建立综合施策的环境协同管理机制.     

城市生态空间PM2.5削减效益研究——以北京市为例

以生态系统服务的空间依赖性为理论基础,利用2000年与2015年北京市土地利用数据以及PM_2.5年均浓度数据,以30m*30m的土地利用栅格为研究单元,通过建立多元线性回归模型,发现其他条件相同的情况下,生态用地上的PM_2.5浓度比非生态用地上低32.29%,进而探究了生态空间的PM_2.5削减效益及其空间依赖性.结果表明,2000年与2015年,北京市生态空间削减全市范围内PM_2.5浓度4.64和9.03μg/m³,带来的以非意外总死亡健康终点记的人群健康经济效益分别达7954~15896万元与21980~43927万元;生态空间的PM_2.5削减效益存在着空间溢出作用,且不同土地利用类型对其响应方式不同;结构和规模会影响生态空间的效益发挥,线状生态空间在影响范围、污染物削减效果以及人群健康效益方面均优于面状生态空间,且其比较优势随着规模的扩大愈发凸显.建议城市生态空间建设中合理利用其空间特性以提高生态效益与资源利用效率,在城市中心地区增建小型、点状或线状的生态空间,从而在土地资源极度稀缺的情况下最大化其空气质量改善效益.     

The OEIS complex: two case reports that illustrate the spectrum of abnormalities and a review of the literature

We present two cases of OEIS (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects) complex -MIM 258040 and a review of the literature. Case 1 was a 14-year-old girl who presented at 30 weeks' gestation. An ultrasound examination showed an omphalocele and spina bifida; the bladder was not visualised. She went into spontaneous labour two weeks later and the baby died shortly after birth. A full post-mortem examination was refused, but the mother did agree to an external examination, skin biopsy for fibroblast culture, X rays and MR imaging. The MR imaging showed a pelvic kidney, a large omphalocele containing the other kidney, liver, bowel and a fluid filled structure thought to represent an exstrophy of the bladder (EB). Case 2 was a 30-year-old woman who had an ultrasound examination at 20 weeks' gestation; this showed an omphalocele, but the bladder was not visualised. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated and a post-mortem examination showed a low set umbilical cord associated with a small omphalocele; there was an imperforate anus; a blind ending rectum terminated in the omphalocele. We conclude that these two cases illustrate the variability of the OEIS complex. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A framework and indicators for evaluating policies for conservation and development: The case of wildlife management units in Mexico

The Mexican government has an innovative policy model for biodiversity conservation and rural development that includes permissible use of wildlife within a System of Land Management Units (SUMA, by its Spanish acronym). This co-management approach has been successful in terms of landowner participation, since the SUMA currently covers 38.2 million hectares (nearly 20% of Mexican territory). However, after 18 years of implementation, there has been no comprehensive evaluation by which to assess its effectiveness at national level. This article introduces the SUMA policy, its implementation and outcomes, and proposes a framework for conducting institutional monitoring and evaluation within an adaptive co-management approach. Our methodology comprised analysis of the achievements and challenges reported through interviews with stakeholders, journals and grey literature, and a review of the SUMA Information System (SIS) and its decision-making information needs. As result we have developed a set of 40 environmental, social and economic indicators grouped into five distinct but complementary dimensions within a sustainability framework: (I) Biodiversity conservation,(II) Wildlife management, (III) Economics, (IV) Social welfare and (V) Administration. These indicators can be incorporated into the SIS in order to support program evaluation and strengthen decision-making. Our article provides specific pathways for developing policy-oriented evaluation systems for worldwide biodiversity and conservation initiatives.     

Modelling the N cascade in regional watersheds: The case study of the Seine, Somme and Scheldt rivers

The watersheds of the Seine, Somme and Scheldt rivers (France, Belgium, the Netherlands), flowing into the continental coastal zone of the English Channel and Southern North Sea, are among the regions of the world with the highest anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen through fertilizer use, legume fixation and deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. They also represent examples of widely open systems, either exporting a large fraction of their N inputs under the form of agricultural products (case of the Seine basin) or importing high amounts of nitrogen as feed for livestock nutrition (case of the Scheldt basin), and delivering up to 2000 kg N km⁻² yr⁻¹ at river outlet into the sea. Taking these three watersheds as a case study, we review the different approaches developed so far for describing and predicting the fate of reactive nitrogen inputs to regional systems and its cascade from soils to sea. These approaches range from simple lumped input–output budget, to detailed process-based, spatially distributed models of nutrient transfers. The merits and the limits of these approaches are discussed. Their combination allows to establish a reasonably consistent budget for the three basins, emphasizing the various ‘retention’ terms linked to both landscape and in-stream processes, including storage in long residence time compartments (soil organic matter, vadose zone, aquifers, etc.), denitrification (in soil, riparian zones or river benthos) or sediment burial. Root-zone and riparian denitrification processes appear as major terms of landscape retention in all three investigated watersheds. Retention of nitrogen associated with collection and treatment of urban wastewater is also a major term in the two most populated watersheds.     

Contexualising the tool development process through a knowledge brokering approach: The case of climate change adaptation and agriculture

This article applies a ‘knowledge brokering’ approach to contextualise the development of an integrated computer modelling tool into the real world policy context of adaptation of agriculture to climate change at the EU level. In particular, the article tests a number of knowledge brokering strategies described and theorised in the literature, but seldom empirically tested. The article finds that while the policy context can be used to identify a theoretically informed knowledge brokering strategy, in practice a strategy's ‘success’ is more informed by practical considerations, such as whether the tool development process is knowledge or demand driven. In addition, in practice the knowledge brokering process is found to be dynamic and messy, which is not always apparent in the literature. The article goes on to question the perception that there is always a need (or a desire) to bridge the gap between researchers and policy makers in the tool development process. Rather than a problem of design and communication, the science policy interface may be characterised more by a high level of competition between researchers and research organisations to have their tool legitimised by its use in the policy making process.     

大气挥发性有机物的日变化特征及在臭氧生成中的作用——以广州夏季为例

为了得到实时的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度组成和日变化特征,2006年夏季在广州市区内高约55m的楼顶采用在线的气相色谱仪进行了为期一个月的观测.结果表明,影响城市VOC含量的物种以及对臭氧生成有重要贡献的典型物种的日变化存在不同的特征.烷烃类和烯烃类物种出现早晚高峰值,估计主要与机动车排放有关,芳香烃除了与交通排放有关,还受到溶剂挥发的影响,早晨的峰值晚于交通高峰时间.异戊二烯在正午时间出现一天的单峰值,主要来自于天然源排放.乙苯和间对二甲苯的比值被用来表征采样点上气团光化学反应的进程,通常情况下,广州市区点气团经历的光化学进程越久,臭氧浓度越高.     

梯级水库建设下的水沙营养盐协同变化规律研究：以嘉陵江为例

水库建设在兴利防洪的同时对多个环境要素造成了影响,现有研究主要分析水、沙、营养盐等单一要素变化,缺乏不同要素间的协同分析.本研究基于IHA指标、MK分析、Spearman相关分析等方法讨论了1995—2017年嘉陵江梯级水库建设对流域水-沙-污染物等单个要素和多个要素协同性的综合影响.结果表明,水库建设对河流流量具有"削峰填平"作用,其中枯水期流量增加13.3%～47.0%,丰水期流量下降率最高则达19.4%;相对于流量,水库建设对泥沙的削减作用更为明显,且对上游河流泥沙输移影响更大.同时,水库建设后其下游水、沙、营养盐过程线趋同,尤其是丰水期,水、沙、营养盐指标相关系数显著提升,均达0.75以上.该结果补充了目前水库建设对水、沙、营养盐综合影响研究的不足,为水利工程影响下的水环境综合管理提供了支撑.     

传统村落旅游地乡愁的测度及其资源价值——以苏南传统村落为例

“记住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,开发传统村落旅游地乡愁量表,探讨乡愁的资源价值。结果表明:传统村落旅游地乡愁是一个综合概念,是特定人地关系的体现,是在一定时空条件下,乡愁主体、乡愁触点、乡愁载体、乡愁情感、乡愁愿景要素共同作用的结果,不仅仅是离乡的愁绪,思乡的记忆,也体现了一定的文化概念,是情感、记忆和文化的集合体;经过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,探讨并验证了传统村落旅游地乡愁的“文化—情感—记忆”三维度量表;主客乡愁之间存在一定差异:居民乡愁强度高于游客,居民情感维度均值最高,文化维度均值最低,游客文化维度均值最高,情感维度最低;乡愁有一定的资源价值,主要体现在情感联结价值、文化认同和传承价值、保护和开发价值三个方面。在此基础上提出了对策和建议。     

资源枯竭城市转型发展绩效评价及障碍因子诊断——以湖北大冶为例

转型发展绩效评价及障碍因子诊断,是资源枯竭城市实现可持续发展的重要基础及依据。根据转型发展的内涵,从经济发展、民生改善、资源利用、环境整治、产业转型五个方面构建评价指标体系,采用改进的TOPSIS方法,以湖北大冶市为例,评价2007-2016年转型发展的绩效并诊断障碍因子。结果表明：（1）大冶转型发展取得了显著成效,十年转型发展绩效分值均在0.9以上,总体呈两个阶段：2007-2010年为转型初期,产业接替阶段,发展绩效不稳定,由2007年的0.9976升至2008年的0.9998,2010年下滑至0.9098;2011-2016年为稳定转型发展期,绩效稳步提升,由0.9142升至0.9458。（2）影响大冶转型发展的主要障碍因子排序十年一致,障碍度从强到弱依次为：矿山地质灾害隐患点数量、城镇登记失业率、高技术产业增加值占GDP比例、工业固体废物综合利用率、农村居民人均可支配收入和地方财政一般预算收入。根据评价结果,提出了大冶市今后转型发展的工作建议。     

生态承载力水平评价的动态模型及其应用——以洞庭湖生态经济区为例

生态承载力是可持续发展研究的核心.本文基于生态承载力的内涵,从4个方面构建了生态承载力的评价指标体系,并以最大信息熵原理(MIEP)为基础,自组织特征映射神经网络(SOFM)为算法,借助MATLAB数学软件为计算平台,从复杂系统结构演化的角度提出了生态承载力评价模型,并用MIEP模型对洞庭湖生态经济区2008—2012年的生态承载力进行评价,以指导当地生态建设.结果表明,5年间该地区的生态承载力呈总体上升的趋势,其中,2008年和2009年两年生态承载力水平基本一致,2010年呈现较明显的上升,2011年的生态承载力剧烈下降后在2012年呈现大幅回升.ξ值各分量的雷达图揭示出各指标逐年贡献程度的变化,结合准则层面的分析发现,水资源发展状况对该地生态承载力整体水平影响较大.与主成分分析法的比较表明了MIEP模型对生态承载力评价的可行性,同时其能更好地体现生态承载力发展演变的动力学特性,连接权值的获取避免了人为设定的主观性,在评价中有明显优势,且在预测上有一定潜力.     

长江流域禁捕生态补偿政策绩效评价及影响因素分析——以湖北和贵州为例

渔民作为我国长江流域禁捕生态补偿政策的对象,渔民的满意程度是衡量禁捕生态补偿政策的重要指标。选取的研究地区是首批推行并完成禁捕生态补偿政策的贵州省赤水河流域和湖北省洪湖市,基于退捕渔民调研结果,先使用TOPSIS法的数学模型求出最优解,再进行障碍度计算,并对禁捕政策实施效果和相关影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：（1）关于禁捕生态补偿政策渔民评价的最优解,贵州省赤水河流域为0.45,绩效一般,湖北省洪湖市为0.27,对应的绩效水平为较差;（2）影响两个地区绩效评价的前三位主要因素是实施禁捕后,政府部门工作跟踪力度满意度（B₄）、生活水平满意度（D₂）、社会活动与社会地位满意度（E₂）。研究结论为评价禁捕生态补偿政策绩效提供一个可选分析框架,为其他地区提高禁捕生态补偿政策绩效提供参考依据。     

旅游地农户生计资本评估与生计策略选择——以海螺沟景区为例

旅游地可持续发展需要重点关注当地居民生计的可持续。以海螺沟景区为案例地,基于可持续生计框架构建了适用的生计资本评估指标体系,量化识别了景区农户可持续的生计方式,明确了影响两类脆弱性农户生计策略选择的主要因素。结果表明：在研究区六种生计方式中,采用均衡兼收型和旅游主营型策略的农户其生计资本水平最高,而传统务农型和务工型农户生计资本水平最低。不同生计策略类型的农户在空间上集聚分布。缺乏金融资本是影响传统务农型和务工型农户选择均衡兼收型生计策略的主要因素,而物质资本和社会资本的缺乏则对他们选择旅游主营型生计策略有显著的影响。此外,海拔、距公路和核心景点的距离也对农户生计策略的选择有重要影响。