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Duncan McLaren 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2012,90(6):489-500
The paper summarises a global assessment of around 30 prospective negative emissions techniques (NETs) found in the literature. Fourteen techniques including direct air capture, BECCS, biochar, and ocean alkalinity enhancement are considered in more detail.The novel functional categorisation of NETs developed in the course of the assessment is set out and a comparative quantitative summary of the results is presented, focusing on the relative readiness, global capacity, costs and side-effects of the prospective NETs.Both technology specific and more generic potential limitations are discussed, notably those arising from energy requirements, from availability of geological storage capacity and from sustainable supply of biomass.Conclusions are drawn regarding the overall scope of NETs to contribute to safe carbon budgets, and challenges arising in the future governance of NETs, with particular reference to the potential role of carbon markets. 相似文献
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Occupational injuries pose a major problem in workplaces where computers are widely used. Intensive, repetitive and long period computer use results in costly health problems (direct cost), and lost productivity (indirect cost). Yet, the effect of musculoskeletal discomfort and their frequencies associated with the use of computers have not received considerable attention. This paper presents the findings of a risk assessment model through a scientific research to determine the effect of discomfort factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders resulting from intensive use of computers in the workplaces. In this context a questionnaire was given to 130 intensive computer users working in the university sector. A list of significant predictor variables for musculoskeletal disorders was developed to assess and analyze workplace ergonomics, worker attitudes and experiences on computer keyboard and mouse. The main focus of the current research is to seek and provide evidence that symptoms of musculoskeletal discomfort and the frequency of these symptoms are significant in the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). This study provides the evidence that, ache and pain are the most common types of discomforts in all body regions. The discomforts were more pronounced at neck, shoulder, upper back, hand/wrist, and lower back regions. The risk factors determined by the risk assessment model were validated through ANOVA of the sEMG records for the control and test groups. The findings indicated that for each test group respondent, the mean musculoskeletal strain experienced differs in time, but the same is not true for the control group. 相似文献
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GIS技术即地理信息系统,是将地理信息制成电子地图的一门技术。GIS技术是一门新兴技术,在环境、资源等方面有很大的发展潜力,也在这些方面发挥了重大的作用。随着我国对环保工作的越来越重视,对生态污染和环境影响评价工作的关注度上升,GIS技术有了进一步在环境影响评价领域中发展的机会。本文从GIS技术本身入手,分析GIS技术的特点,探讨GIS技术在环境影响评价领域中的具体应用,希望可以为提高我国环境影响评价水平提供一些参考。 相似文献
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生态安全是区域可持续发展的核心问题,是地区安全和社会稳定的重要组成部分。以精河县为例,综合应用数字高程模型(DEM)、TM遥感数据和各种数据,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下建立了生态安全指标体系。结果表明,1)精河县生态安全水平呈现明显的空间差异性,整体由中部绿洲向周边逐渐降低。2)从空间分布来说,研究区中部的土地生态安全要优于北部和南部,中部大部分土地处于安全和临界安全状态;南部山地土地生态安全类型分布零散,临界安全区、安全区交叉分布;极不安全和临界安全区集中在艾比湖周围、古尔班通古特沙漠及南部山区;很安全区所占比重较小,集中在绿洲内部。3)1998年和2013年各生态安全等级分布面积由大到小排序为生态安全区、生态临界安全区、生态极不安全区、生态很安全区。研究表明,精河县土地生态状况整体良好,与实际情况相符合。今后应加强土地利用结构优化,减少水土流失与土壤的盐渍化,保证土地生态系统健康稳定。 相似文献
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In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries with advanced pipeline management, some organizations are responsible for pipeline safety protection management for underground hazardous materials. The security and maintenance of a hazardous material pipeline are serious considerations for urban safety, because the materials transported by underground pipelines contain hazardous goods, such as the flammable or explosive particles of solids, liquids, and gases. Damage to a pipeline by external forces often leads to secondary disasters, such as the leakage of hazardous materials, fires, explosions, and environmental pollution. Such events seriously affect the safety of individuals and their property.Accordingly, this study used seismic scenario analysis with a spatial grid to evaluate earthquake damage to an underground pipeline in an urban area. Damage to underground pipelines was classified, pipeline disaster management procedures were discussed, and improvement measures were proposed, such as establishing a geographic information platform and conducting disaster impact assessments for hazardous material pipelines. Underground hazardous material pipelines were assessed in scenarios including earthquakes. Such assessments are intended to provide disaster reduction plans and disaster prevention drills to improve pipeline safety as well as the planning for pipeline materials to aid seismic resistance. 相似文献
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J. L. Yaek Y. Li P. J. Lemanski P. C. Begeman S. W. Rouhana J. M. Cavanaugh 《Traffic injury prevention》2016,17(5):535-543
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess and compare the current lateral impact biofidelity of the shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of the Q6, Q6s, and Hybrid III (HIII) 6-year-old anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) through lateral impact testing.Methods: A series of lateral impact pendulum tests, vertical drop tests, and Wayne State University (WSU) sled tests was performed, based on the procedures detailed in ISO/TR 9790 (1999) and scaling to the 6-year-old using Irwin et al. (2002). The HIII used in this study was tested with the Ford-designed abdomen described in Rouhana (2006) and Elhagediab et al. (2006). The data collected from the 3 different ATDs were filtered using SAE J211 (SAE International 2003), aligned using the methodology described by Donnelly and Moorhouse (2012), and compared for each body region tested (shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis). The biofidelity performance in lateral impact for the 3 ATDs was assessed against the scaled biofidelity targets published in Irwin et al. (2002), the abdominal biofidelity target suggested in van Ratingen et al. (1997), and the biofidelity targets published in Rhule et al. (2013). Regional and overall biofidelity rankings for each of the 3 ATDs were performed using both the ISO 9790 biofidelity rating system (ISO/TR 9790 1999) and the NHTSA's external biofidelity ranking system (BRS; Rhule et al. 2013).Results: All 3 6-year-old ATD's pelvises were rated as least biofidelic of the 4 body regions tested, based on both the ISO and BRS biofidelity rating systems, followed by the shoulder and abdomen, respectively. The thorax of all 3 ATDs was rated as the most biofidelic body region using the aforementioned biofidelity rating systems. The HIII 6-year-old ATD was rated last in overall biofidelity of the 3 tested ATDs, based on both rating systems. The Q6s ATD was rated as having the best overall biofidelity using both rating systems.Conclusions: All 3 ATDs are more biofidelic in the thorax and abdomen than the shoulder and pelvis, with the pelvis being the least biofidelic of all 4 tested body regions. None of the 3 tested 6-year-old ATDs had an overall ranking of 2.0 or less, based on the BRS ranking. Therefore, it is expected that none of the 3 ATDs would mechanically respond like a postmortem human subject (PMHS) in a lateral impact crash test based on this ranking system. With respect to the ISO biofidelity rating, the HIII dummy would be considered unsuitable and the Q-series dummies would be considered marginal for assessing side impact occupant protection. 相似文献
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胶合板VOC释放率测量及其对室内环境影响评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以胶合板为研究对象,采用1m3气候箱模拟室内环境,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS),研究胶合板挥发性有机化合物(VOC)的释放规律.同时,对胶合板VOC释放量进行定量分析,依据《室内环境质量评价标准》对该胶合板被利用到室内环境可能造成的污染进行评价.结果表明,在释放初期,各类化合物及TVOC质量浓度较大,后逐渐下降,在第14 d基本稳定,其中以芳香烃类化合物和烷烃类化合物的质量浓度下降最为迅速,第28 d胶合板VOC释放量为稳定值,被用于定量分析胶合板VOC的释放水平.单独使用该胶合板的室内空气质量满足室内空气品质等级的一级标准.同时确定了单位体积空间的室内环境中该胶合板可利用的暴露面积为6m2. 相似文献
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Kumru Didem Atalay Gülin Feryal Can Ergün Eraslan 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2018,24(3):373-385
This study aims to define the relationship between risk degrees and risk indexes on different functional structures with the assumption that risk degrees may not always present a linear relationship with the risk indexes. In this way, risk indexes suitable for expert evaluation of working conditions and computed using three different membership functions are determined. Among the membership functions used, one is preferred as linear and the others are preferred as non-linear. Additionally, a new fuzzy risk assessment (RA) algorithm is developed using these three membership functions. With this new fuzzy RA algorithm, a more flexible and precise process becomes available, while information loss during the determination of the risk index of danger sources is prevented. As a result, non-linear increasing membership function is selected as most suitable for the expression of the relationship between risk degrees and risk indexes. 相似文献
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为提高无人机(UAV)安全风险评估的精确性和置信度,在坠地安全风险评估过程中,考虑航迹误差导致的事故瞬间UAV位置和高度的不确定性,及其对坠地撞击点和撞击速度的影响,分析UAV坠地的水平位置误差和高度误差分布特征,确定UAV失效瞬间位置和高度,建立坠地撞击点预测模型,计算其坠地撞击速度,并以M210-RTK型UAV为例... 相似文献
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公路建设项目全生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为综合评价公路建设项目对区域环境的影响,提出了公路项目全生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价方法.在分析公路建设项目的勘察设计、原材料生产与加工、公路施工、公路运营与养护以及公路废弃与回收5个阶段环境影响的基础上,建立了多级综合评价指标体系.将公路建设项目全生命周期环境影响分为负面影响较大、负面影响较小、基本无影响、正面影响较小、正面影响较大5个等级,采用改进的层次分析法确定权重,引入模糊数学方法进行综合评价,并以商界高速公路DJN24标段为例加以分析.结果表明,该方法可作为公路建设项目全生命周期环境影响评价的基本方法. 相似文献
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Facility Siting is an important phase of project development. A critical stage is plot plan optimisation, where significant potential hazards are eliminated due to equipment spacing. In addition to ensuring appropriate compliance with minimum spacing requirements, occupied building studies to achieve compliance with the requirements of API 752 and API 753 could also be undertaken to optimise safety outcomes. The studies are done in three stages, where the first stage is hazard identification, second stage is consequence assessment and the third stage is risk assessment. Third stage assessments are only carried, if the consequence based siting recommendations are not practical to implement.This paper presents the challenges in estimating risk due to process hazards with a focus on selecting right event likelihood data. A comparison is presented on the variation in predicted risk levels based on equipment failure rates and leak frequencies.Case study of a plot plan optimisation study is undertaken with DNVGL Phast Risk and the variation in risk levels up to two orders of magnitude are recorded. Challenges such as adaption of data for local conditions, consistent definitions of failure, sample size of data, applicability of data play a significant role in identifying and correctly quantifying the risk levels. Such challenges and its impact on risk quantification are presented in this paper as well as its impact on facility siting. 相似文献
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城市生态安全评价及部分城市生态安全态势比较 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:14
以我国35个大中城市生态环境系统为研究对象,选取资源环境压力、环境状态和人文环境响应3个亚系统的23个指标,通过数据标准化处理、指标权重确定和生态安全评价指数模型构建,测算城市生态安全水平;再选取不同生态安全等级的福州、深圳等9城市,分析环境压力、状态和响应3项目对我国城市生态安全影响大小.结果表明,3项目的权重分配差异不大,反映这3个方面对城市生态安全的重要程度相似.按评价指数大小排序结果显示,福州、深圳两城市生态环境的安全态势居所有城市之首;有7个城市生态环境达到安全等级;其余26城市为生态临界安全或不安全状态.我国城市环境状态对于决定城市生态环境安全程度具有重要的作用.各城市压力指数值差异不大,人文环境响应指标值相对较低,反映我国城市环境压力、状态和响应指标对城市生态环境安全贡献的差异,其中人文环境响应项目的贡献最小. 相似文献
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阐述了在降雨时金矿渣场浸渣中残留的氰化物及泥沙淋溶于雨水中,形成地表径流进入地面水,对地面水环境造成的污染影响。具体介绍了在降雨时,渣场地表径流量、径流中污染物排放量、地面水(湖泊)允许纳污量的预测模式的应用。可为一般工矿企业露天渣场废水预测及环境影响评价提供借鉴。 相似文献
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本文将某化工厂环评当作主要论述对象,充分彰显出清洁生产分析应当有机地同工程分析结合起来,这样做的目的是为了促使企业生产实现节能、降耗的目的,取得环境与经济效益互利共赢的效果,还能强化环评的可行性与有效性。 相似文献