沈阳市污水资源化的技术路线和政策导向

介绍了沈阳市水资源现状 ,提出了解决水资源不足的污水资源化的技术路线和有关政策导向 ,为沈阳市和其他同类城市在解决污水资源化问题提供借鉴     

Modelling individual preferences for environmental policy drivers: Empirical evidence of Italian lifestyle changes using a latent class approach

Degraded air quality severely affects the health of citizens worldwide. The design of effective policies requires exploring public preferences for environmental and air quality policy instruments. Within the EC-FP7 SEFIRA project, using a choice experiment that stresses the trade-offs between attributes, this study investigates public preferences for environmental policy drivers in Italy. The main objective is to investigate the role played by selected policy drivers in determining policy preferences, complemented by elasticity and willingness to pay estimations. Preference heterogeneity and the role of socio-economic and attitudinal variables are explored with a latent class model over 2400 respondents sampled across Italy. The results allow identifying the different role played by the policy drivers across the classes. It emerged that most of the respondents (43%) are particularly sensitive to the cost components (cost sensitive respondents). The remaining respondents instead show an important sensitivity towards personal engagement in term of changes in the mobility and eating habits (lifestyle-change sensitive respondents). However, while 29% of them perceive these habits’ changes as negatively impacting on the personal utility, the other 28% of respondents translate the potential changes in the habitual behaviour of driving and eating as environmental and health benefits. Based on the modelling results, potential policies are simulated reporting respondents’ reaction to selected scenarios. It shows the crucial role played by reduction of premature deaths due to atmospheric pollution and measure cost.     

污灌水重金属污染阻控材料与技术研究

文章综述了具有纳米结构的粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱土和海泡石)、硫化物材料和纳米复合材料的制备及其从水中吸附去除重金属离子机理的研究进展.此外,还比较了多种可应用于重金属源头阻控的技术方案,讨论了适用于农业灌溉重金属阻控的装置组成和净化材料类型等.最后对有待进一步解决的问题和阻控技术发展方向进行了展望.     

Effects of irrigation and landscape heterogeneity on butterfly diversity in Mediterranean farmlands

Irrigation effects on biodiversity are poorly known, particularly in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. In this study we analyzed irrigation effects on butterfly species richness, abundance and diversity as well as on species composition in a farmed landscape under Mediterranean climate. The study area consisted of four contiguous agricultural sub-areas with a decreasing degree of intensification: irrigated, mixed (dry and irrigated), dry and environmentally protected (i.e. Special Protection Area, SPA) dry farmland. Forty one km-transects (ten per sub-area) were searched for butterflies in 2008 and 2009. Contrary to expectations, species richness (alfa, beta and gamma diversity) was highest in both years in the most intensified sub-area (i.e. irrigated) followed by SPA, dry and mixed sub-areas. Landscape characteristics accounted for most of the between-subareas differences in species richness. Species richness was negatively related to mean field size at the landscape level and positively related to the number of trees and large shrubs along transects. Therefore, the higher number of butterfly species recorded in the irrigated farmland could be due to a more complex landscape. In contrast, butterfly abundance was highest in cereal steppes (i.e. dry and SPA sub-areas), with abundance being negatively affected by mean field size. Inter-annual change in butterfly abundance was much sharper in rainfed (i.e. dry and SPA) than in irrigated (i.e. irrigated and mixed) sub-areas. Irrigated farmland may provide more favorable conditions for butterflies by buffering the (year-to-year and summer) drought periods characterising Mediterranean climate. Species composition differed among sub-areas, with differences being partly explained by field size and number of trees and shrubs along transects. Our study suggest an important role of landscape characteristics in boosting butterfly biodiversity in intensively managed irrigated croplands and emphasizes the importance of encouraging studies on farmland butterfly diversity in different (bioclimatic) regions allowing the design of region-specific agri-environmental schemes.     

Non-market values of forest biodiversity and the impact of informing the general public: Insights from generalized multinomial logit estimations

Apart from the ethical argument around trade-off that individuals have to make between monetary and non-monetary value, application of stated preference method was exposed to another criticism related to the complexity of biodiversity issue and the capacity of the general public to provide accurate responses to willingness to pay elicitation survey. This paper tests how providing information about the ecological processes underlying forest management scenarios affects public preferences and their valuation of biodiversity in publicly owned forest land in France. The generalized multinomial logit models applied to choice experiment data suggests that all respondents adopt the same heuristics based on easily visible aspects of forest landscape, to reveal their use and nonuse values of biodiversity. However, when they receive additional ecological information, only those who are familiar with the biodiversity concept, have awareness of issues at stake, and have a regular use of forest tend to attach higher values to less known biodiversity component (fallen deadwood in this case). The paper concludes that “mass media campaign” has to be completed by environmental literacy programs, to improve people’s awareness and understanding of what biodiversity means from ecological functioning, then making economic valuation a useful tool from a conservation perspective.     

The means do not justify the ends: A comment on CALFED

The state-federal CALFED process was more successful in transforming the means of thinking about decisions regarding California Bay-Delta resource management than in achieving the desired policy ends. Case studies in this special issue document how CALFED helped change the dynamics between stakeholders and agency managers; between scientists and implementers; and between endangered species managers and water project operators. In most cases, however, the new relationships and agreements failed to achieve the desired policy outcomes. The new tools and approaches that CALFED fostered can complement and support – but not substitute for – the obligation of policy makers to honestly confront and resolve fundamental oppositions of interest over resource management issues.     

钼矿区污灌菜地土壤重金属污染的生态风险预警评价

通过对钼矿区地下水进行重金属含量分析,发现地下水已受重金属污染。该受污染地下水为矿区菜地唯一灌溉用水。本文研究钼矿区污灌菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险。选取矿区、尾矿区、选矿区周边菜地的土壤样本60个,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AKS）测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量,采用生态风险指数进行生态风险预警评价。结果表明：矿区、尾矿区、选矿区周边受污染菜地尾矿区农田土壤的生态风险指数（IER）分别为59．42、80．60、154．83,其预警类型均为重警;污染程度为矿区菜地〈尾矿区菜地〈选矿区菜地。     

Rheum palaestinum (desert rhubarb), a self-irrigating desert plant

The rare plant Rheum palaestinum (Polygonaceae) is a perennial hemicryptophyte that grows during the rainy winter in desert mountainous areas in Israel and Jordan that receive an average annual rainfall of ca. 75 mm. It produces between one and four large round leaves that are tightly attached to the ground and form large rosettes of up to 1 m². These leaves differ markedly from the typical small leaves of most desert plants. Moreover, they have a unique 3D morphology resembling a scaled-down mountainous area with well-developed steep drainage systems, raising the question which selective agents were involved in their evolution. We propose that the large leaves collect rainwater that then infiltrates the soil surrounding the root. We measured the seasonal course of leaf growth, examined the area of wet soil surrounding the root after actual and simulated rain, and modeled the water harvesting capacity using the plant leaf area and the weekly precipitation. We show that even in the slightest rains, water flows above the veins to the leaf’s base where it irrigates the vertical root. A typical plant harvests more than 4,100 cm³ of water per year, and enjoys a water regime of about 427 mm/year, equivalent to the water supply in a Mediterranean climate. This is the first example of self-irrigation by large leaves in a desert plant, creating a leaf-made mini oasis. All authors contributed equally to this paper.     

推广节水型坐便器的配套政策研究

从水资源开发保护成本和其他使用的外部不经济性角度出发，提出推广节水型坐便器具有节省水费、节省污水处理费用、减少污水及污染物排放3方面的环境经济效益，并分析计算了在上海地区推广可获得的效益。根据社会调查，就推广使用节水型坐便器在体制、税收、管理、宣传教育、价格和法规等方面提出相应的配套政策和措施。     

The San Francisco Bay-Delta: A failure of decision-making capacity

The paper reviews the history of Bay-Delta decision-making in California in order to highlight the continuity between what happened with CALFED and what happened in the preceding decades since water project deliveries began in 1949. Throughout this period, there has been intense conflict about whether and how to transfer water from the Bay-Delta to users elsewhere—a conflict marked by a fundamental opposition of interests among stakeholders. We document how the State of California has failed to organize itself effectively to resolve this conflict and make a decision on how to manage the Delta. The strategy consistently adopted by the State was to encourage the main parties – agricultural and urban water diverters, and fisheries and other instream-protection interests – to work out a solution among themselves, rather than imposing one externally. However, economic theory suggests that a bargaining solution is unlikely to exist because of the extreme opposition of interest among the parties. The Bay-Delta history amply confirms this theoretical prediction. Thus, the State's strategy of relying on voluntary agreement to resolve the issue is fundamentally misconceived and is, at some level, an abdication of its responsibility.     

灌溉污水中苯并(a)芘最高容许浓度的探讨

苯并(a)芘是一种强致癌物,在环境和食品中普遍存在,并能在土壤和生物体内蓄积,最高容许浓度的确定应考虑到环境中的“本底”水平和灌溉水中的实际含量以及对机体的毒理危害程度,建议灌溉污水中苯并(a)芘的最高容许浓度为0.05μg/L.     

污染水源水的生物预处理

传统的水处理工艺，在处理污染源水时，所提供的自来水水质已不能满足要求，其工艺改革势在必行。根据近年来国内在污染源水的生物预处理方面取得的成果，通过比较、分析，指出传统工艺的不足之处及生物法预处理的优点，并展望了其应用前景。分析结论是，污染源水的生物法预处理是一种经济有效且无副作用的方法，其本质是水体天然自净过程的人工化，对ＮＨ３－Ｎ、酚和有机物，具有较满意的去除效率。     

Reducing mine water requirements

Mining is a water intensive activity, and reducing water consumption is a key requirement in moving toward a more sustainable mining industry. This paper identifies mine water reduction, reuse and recycle options, and demonstrates cases where these options have been implemented around the world. A mine water system model is developed and used to show potential water saving strategies through six scenarios. Apart from the base case, these scenarios include the introduction of evaporation reduction strategies, paste tailings disposal, filtered tailings disposal, ore pre-sorting and a combination of the most effective options. The results of the modeling show how an open-pit copper mine with a traditional layout can move from having an average water withdrawal of 0.76 m³/t of ore processed to 0.20 m³/t of ore processed or lower. A key result of the modeling is the discovery that a combination of ore pre-concentration and filtered tailings disposal can reduce water consumption by 74% or more. This finding demonstrates an opportunity to significantly lower water consumption on mine sites.     

用规划方法安排干旱和半干旱地区的农田灌溉方案——以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例

为提高干旱和半干旱地区的水分利用率,本文提出用规划方法安排农田灌溉方案,并以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例说明有关问题的处理方法。用规划方法求出的灌溉方案增产效果是显著的,比目前生产上采用的“保灌水浇地”的传统灌溉方法增产18％左右。     

Persuasiveness,importance and novelty of arguments about Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising technology for reducing carbon emissions, but the public is often reluctant to support it. To understand why public support is lacking, it is crucial to establish what citizens think about the arguments that are used by proponents and opponents of CCS. We determined the persuasiveness, importance and novelty of 32 arguments for and against CCS using a discrete choice experiment in which respondents made consecutive choices between pairs of pro or con arguments. We used latent class models to identify population segments with different preferences. The results show that citizens find arguments about climate protection, which is the primary goal of CCS, less persuasive than other arguments, such as normative arguments (for example ‘a waste product such as CO₂ should be disposed of properly’) or arguments about benefits of CCS for energy production and economic growth. This discrepancy complicates communication that aims to convince citizens of the benefits of CCS for climate protection.     

海新河污染物来源解析

通过2003～2004年间的两年时间对抚顺市海新河跟踪监测研究，并对不同河段具有代表性的水区的水质指标以及水量进行24h不间断的监测，研究了抚顺市海新河不同时段的水量、COD等污染物因子的变化规律，根据水质、水量变化规律解析出该河流污染物来源于生活污水。     

河套灌区地下水化学时空特征及环境驱动因素

为探明内蒙古河套灌区地下水水化学特征及其环境成因,以内蒙古河套灌区乌兰布和、解放闸、永济、义长和乌拉特这5个灌域为研究区,选取72眼地下水观测井,于冻融末期（3月）、灌溉中期（7月）和秋浇末期（11月）这3个典型时间段采集地下水216个水样.综合运用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs 图、离子比值和主成分分析等方法研究和探讨了地下水化学环境变化规律和地下水组分形成的环境驱动因素.利用水质指数（WQI）法评价了地下水的饮用适宜性,采用USSL图与Wilcox图综合分析地下水的灌溉适宜性.结果表明,研究区地下水普遍咸化,地下水阴、阳离子总浓度排序均为：冻融末期<秋浇末期<灌溉中期,Na⁺和Cl^-是水化学的主要贡献离子.地下水水化学类型以Cl-Na型占主导,Cl·SO₄-Ca·Mg型次之,SO₄-Ca·Mg、 HCO₃·Cl-Na、 HCO₃-Na和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型多种共存. 河套灌区浅层地下水基于WQI值分类,主要为Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类,总体地下水水质较差.USSL图与Wilcox图图解综合评价结果表明,灌区浅层地下水中盐度、钠浓度普遍偏高,冻融末期、灌溉中期和秋浇末期分别有80.6%、76.1%和77.6%的水样不适宜灌溉.研究区地下水化学特征的主要控制因素为蒸发浓缩作用和岩石风化作用,其中Na⁺和Cl^-主要来自盐岩的溶解和阳离子交换作用,农业灌溉和干旱是河套灌区地下水水化学演化的主要驱动因素.研究成果可为内蒙古引黄灌溉区优化农业管理措施提供技术支持,并为合理利用地下水资源提供理论参考.