试论循环水浓缩倍数与节水

本文以该厂循环水实际运行情况，简述了影响循环水浓缩倍数提高的一些因素及对策，实现节约用水。     

Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant-polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment

This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant(PAC–CBF)(PAC dose first) and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride(CBF–PAC)(CBF dose first) with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order:PAC–CBF PAC alone CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.     

艾比湖流域地表水水质指标与水体指数关系研究

传统的水域水质监测手段不仅成本高,而且空间信息有限,难以对相关水域进行全面的监测与评价.利用遥感技术进行水域水质监测可克服这些局限.本文以新疆艾比湖流域为研究对象,结合2015年5月实测水质数据和从准同步Landsat OLI数据上提取的水体指数值,利用空间分析和多元统计方法进行分析.结果发现,水体指数EWI、AWEIsh、Vegetation index(VI)、NDWI、NWI、NEW与水质指标之间的相关性显著(0.55≤r≤0.88).因此,选用以上6种水体指数与水质指标进行回归分析并建立数学关系估算模型,发现模型均方根误差均较低.利用同期实测数据对估算模型进行精度验证,发现验证判定系数高,验证点的相对平均误差偏低,均方根误差偏小.与此同时,利用2015年10月的40个采样点对模型进行二次验证,发现验证的判定系数满足0.22R20.81,模型的均方根误差较低.在估算模型中,总磷(TP)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、悬浮物(SS)、pH、色度和浊度两期数据的验证判定系数R2在0.5以上,均方根误差较小.因此,利用艾比湖流域水体指数建立的TP、BOD5、SS、pH、色度和浊度估算模型具有较好的普适性.该研究不仅可以为干旱区湖泊的遥感识别奠定基础,而且可为遥感技术应用于地表水水质指标值的提取提供一定的科学依据.     

基于自组织映射与哈斯图方法的地表水水质评价研究

地表水水质评价是水资源管理与保护中的非常重要的问题.本研究主要目的是应用自组织映射(Self-Organizing Map,SOM)与哈斯图方法(Hasse Diagram Technique,HDT)对地表水水质监测数据集进行分类、建模、解释与评估.以西苕溪流域为例,对其50个断面于2010年6月-2011年5月进行月频率的水质监测.应用SOM分析发现,水质参数可分成10个聚类组,反映了西苕溪流域水质丰、平与枯水期特征,pH、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)在各个水期变化不大;溶解氧(DO)在枯水期与平水期相对较高,水质具有一定的自净能力;丰水期的氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)与总磷(TP)值相对较小;西苕溪流域TN:TP(氮磷质量比)平均为46,监测期间变幅较大为2～482,监测期内有66.7％的水质样本处于磷限制状态,仅有3.2％处于氮限制状态,存在氮限制与磷限制交替出现的状态,表明流域总体处于磷限制状态.选取CODMn、NH4+-N、TN 与TP指标进行HDT综合分析,反映流域上游水质较好,中、下游水质相对较差;敏感性分析结果表明,CODMn敏感性数值最大为235,其次是TN为156,、NH4+-N与TP分别是61与34,表明西苕溪流域的CODMn、TN存在较大的环境风险.建议在西苕溪流域即将开展的环境整治与规划时应考虑开发相关的削减技术与制定相关措施政策以减少CODMn、TN污染.     

The simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from surface water by MeOx: Side effect of ammonium presence on manganese removal

Manganese and ammonium pollution in surface water sources has become a serious issue.In this study, a pilot-scale filtration system was used to investigate the effect of ammonium on manganese removal during the simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from surface water using a manganese co-oxide filter film(MeO_x ). The results showed that the manganese removal efficiency of MeO_x in the absence of ammonium was high and stable, and the removal efficiency could reach 70% even at 5.5 °C. When the influent ammonium concentration was lower than 0.7 mg/L, ammonium and manganese could be removed simultaneously. However, at an ammonium concentration of 1.5 mg/L, the manganese removal efficiency of the filter gradually decreased with time(from 96% to 46.20%). Nevertheless, there was no impact of manganese on ammonium removal. The mechanism by which ammonium negatively affected manganese removal was investigated, demonstrating that ammonium affected manganese removal mainly through two possible mechanisms. On one hand, the decreased p H caused by ammonium oxidation was unfavorable for the oxidation of manganese by MeO_x ; on the other hand, the presence of ammonium slowed the growth of new MeO_x and retarded the increase in the specific surface area of the Me Ox-coated sand, and induced changes in the morphology and crystal structure of Me Ox. Consequently, the manganese removal efficiency of the filter decreased when ammonium was present in the inlet water.     

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnOx filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium (NH4+) removal, contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently, due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period. Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater (Filter-N) and surface water (Filter-S) treatment. Two types of source water (groundwater and surface water) were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials. Although the same initiating method was used, Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S. The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and compositional analysis. XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S. Furthermore, the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S (FS-MnOx) was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N (FN-MnOx). Mn(IV) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOx and Mn(III) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx. The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx. This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.     

融入变异系数的空气和地表水质量评价方法

空气质量指数和综合污染指数为近些年国内最常用的环境质量评价方法,二者分别取各监测指标质量分指数的最大值和平均值,使得前者只重视首要污染物,后者忽略了污染物之间的重要性差异。为解决上述问题,将变异系数融入其中,动态调整了污染物项目之间的权重分布,总质量指数为各分指数的加权平均。通过设定滑动抽取的天数/月数,根据实地情况调节评价指数对长期/短期污染物的敏感度,提高了这2种评价方法的合理性和实用性。以2015—2019年北京市密云和西帽山的环境监测数据为例,验证了这2种改进方法的有效性,运用改进的方法分析了该5年北京市空气质量的时空分布变化。结果表明:北京市空气监测指标中的PM_2.5和PM₁₀以及地表水监测指标中的溶解氧、总磷和总氮的变异系数较大;空气质量持续向好,并呈现从北到南逐渐变好的梯度分布。     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

钱塘江兰溪段地表水质季节变化特征及源解析

季节变化对水质的影响评价是流域水质管理的重要内容之一.选取钱塘江兰溪段6个监测点位为研究对象,测定了2010和2011年丰水期和枯水期12个水质指标,采用因子分析技术识别关键污染因子及来源的季节变异特征,并基于层次聚类分析和改进的模糊数学方法进行不同季节关键污染因子空间差异性分析和水质综合评价.结果表明,枯水期关键污染因子为来源于城镇集中式生活污水处理厂、纺织业等点源的CODMn、BOD5和NH4+-N,丰水期为来源于农业面源的NH4+-N、TP和工业点源的CODMn;枯水期和丰水期关键污染因子存在空间差异性,无论枯水期还是丰水期,费垅为重污染区域,横山、洋港和将军岩为轻度污染区域;其不同之处在于枯水期女埠和西门码头为中度污染区域,而丰水期则为轻度污染区域;关键污染因子综合水质丰水期优于枯水期,丰水期16.7％的监测点位综合水质归属于V类,而枯水期50％的监测点位综合水质归属于V类.     

苏州城区水体感官质量评价及其时空变化

以苏州城区水体为研究对象,采用水体感官愉悦度评价方法对苏州城区水体水质的时空变化情况进行分析,并筛选出各季节中影响城区水体感官质量的关键因子.结果表明:研究期间苏州城区水体感官质量不断提高,感官愉悦度指数呈上升趋势,从2018年的49.7上升到2019年的57.6,且2019年感官愉悦度指数为60～80的数据占比显著高...     

Comparison of surface water chemistry and weathering effects of two lake basins in the Changtang Nature Reserve, China

The geochemistry of natural waters in the Changtang Nature Reserve,northern Tibet,can help us understand the geology of catchments,and provide additional insight in surface processes that influence water chemistry such as rock weathering on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.However,severe natural conditions are responsible for a lack of scientific data for this area.This study represents the first investigation of the chemical composition of surface waters and weathering effects in two lake basins in the reserve(Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco and Lake Longwei Co).The results indicate that total dissolved solids(TDS)in the two lakes are significantly higher than in other gauged lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,reaching 20–40 g/L,and that TDS of the tectonic lake(Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco)is significantly higher than that of the barrier lake(Lake Longwei Co).Na+and Cl-are the dominant ions in the lake waters as well as in the glacier-fed lake inflows,with chemical compositions mainly affected by halite weathering.In contrast,ion contents of inflowing rivers fed by nearby runoff are lower and concentrations of dominant ions are not significant.Evaporite,silicate,and carbonate weathering has relatively equal effects on these rivers.Due to their limited scope,small streams near the lakes are less affected by carbonate than by silicate weathering.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

2010-2013年舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域的表层水质评价

根据2010—2013年对浙江舟山2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域14个站位的表层海水铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、总铬、总汞、p H值、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类、化学耗氧量、悬浮物和粪大肠菌群等14项污染因子的调查,采用单因子指数法和营养指数法对监测海域海水水质进行评价。结果表明,舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域表层海水质量总体良好,基本符合第二类海水水质标准;主要污染因子为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和悬浮物,其他水质指标则较低;2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域海水均呈高富营养化状态,并受到一定程度的铅污染。     

改良综合指数法及其在上海市水源水质评价中的应用

为建立一种适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源水质评价的改良综合指数法,灵活选取转换指数法、加权平均法、最差因子判别法和内梅罗法等综合指数计算模式,并运用专家咨询法赋以各类指标健康权重.运用该法对2007年上海市的水源水质进行了综合评价,结果显示,水源水质在总体上符合国家标准,但存在一定的有机污染.进一步分析表明,长江是上海市最佳的集中式供水水源;郊区水厂的原水水质要劣于市区;市级水厂的原水水质较好;第一季度的原水水质要劣于其他季度.本文所建立的改良综合指数法具有简单、合理和可操作性强的优点,可较好地应用于其他城市的水源水质评价.     

北洛河流域水质空间异质性及其对土地利用结构的响应

根据2011年10月和2012年10月的北洛河流域水体采样数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了北洛河流域水质指标TP、TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的空间变异特征,并探讨了子流域尺度上不同土地利用结构对河流水质的影响.结果表明,北洛河流域水质指标TN和NO-3-N受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强的空间变异性,而TP、NH+4-N和CODMn受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱的空间变异特征.TN与农业用地面积百分比呈显著正相关关系,与林地面积百分比呈显著负相关关系,NO-3-N与农业用地面积百分比存在显著正相关关系.可以初步推测,控制TN空间异质性分布的结构性因素是农业用地和林地,而控制NO-3-N空间分布的结构性因素为农业用地.     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

The transport of Cu and Zn from agricultural soils to surface water in a small catchment

Long-term manure-borne copper and zinc inputs (18-324 mg Cu m⁻² yr⁻¹ and 100-800 mg Zn m⁻² yr⁻¹) to grassland soils resulted in their catchment in water concentrations that often exceeded the surface water quality criteria (2 μg Cu l⁻¹ and 5 μg Zn l⁻¹). This paper compares retention and release of Cu and Zn by two types of soil, a mineral soil (MS) and a dark colored soil rich in organic matter (OS). On the basis of dry soil mass, the OS has a higher retention/affinity for Cu and Zn than the MS, but much less Zn accumulated in the MS when compared on an areal basis. This is largely because of the much smaller bulk OS density and larger dissolved metal concentrations in the OS drainage than that for the MS. However, because of the greater water retention capacity of the OS, elevated metal concentrations in the soil solution do not necessarily cause greater loss to water. It is concluded that artificially drained OS can contribute significantly to the observed elevated Cu and Zn concentrations of the river, especially during relatively dry weather conditions when the contribution of water seeping from OS to the total river water discharge becomes increasingly important.     

模型参数与边界条件对滇池水质变化的全局敏感性分析

借助湖泊系统模拟可定量地追踪滇池水质的变化过程,而模型输入水质参数和边界条件对机理模型的结果有显著的影响.然而,目前研究主要关注参数或边界条件对模拟结果的敏感性影响,缺乏兼顾模型内部方程参数与外部输入边界条件对结果的影响,并对比分析其相对大小.以滇池为例,通过对其构建的IWIND水质模型中的90个水体参数、83个底泥参数、6个气象边界条件、51个河流输入边界条件进行联合采样,计算叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、氨氮以及溶解氧5种指标的对数纳什系数（现状为基线）,并进行Sobol全局敏感性分析,获得滇池的敏感性参数和边界条件.结果表明：通过比较两大类输入数据的全局敏感性,气象边界条件敏感性最大,其次是水体参数、底泥参数,河流输入边界条件敏感性最小.其中气象敏感边界条件是风速、气压、气温、相对湿度、辐射且风速敏感性最大,水体敏感水质参数主要是藻类代谢及生长过程、碳循环碳矿化过程、氧循环复氧过程与温度相关的参数（KTG2d、TRc;KTMNL;KTR）,惰性颗粒态有机物沉降速率（WSrp）.底泥敏感参数主要是第二层泥沙浓度（rM2）、底泥中有机碳降解过程中温度相关系数（ThKC1）、惰性颗粒态有机碳转...     

酸碱、硬度组成对水17O-NMR化学位移和半峰宽的影响及与水缔合作用的关系

pH、硬度是给水水质的重要指标。随着对水质要求的提高，从微观结构上认识它们对水质的影响十分必要。文中考察了温度、CaCl2、MgCl2、Mg(HCO3)2、HCl、NaOH等对水^17O-NMR化学位移和半峰宽的影响，分析了它们与水缔合的关系。研究表明Ca^2 、Mg^2 、H^ 、OH^-对水缔合有不同的影响。具有同样水质指标的水，其组成不同，水的缔合结构不同。     

组合介质的微生物富集效果及其去除太湖水源水中微囊藻毒素的研究

采用组合介质进行改善太湖水源地水质的中试研究.应用定量PCR分析发现组合介质上富集了大量具有溶藻能力的假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌,表明组合介质对太湖土著溶藻细菌具有良好的富集效果.微生物的空间分布解析结果表明,细菌总数、硝化细菌及溶藻细菌(假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌)的分布具有显著特征,在反应装置纵向的中段、出水端及垂直方向的中层,组合介质上的溶藻细菌等特定微生物在密度及活性上处于相对优势,这与微生物的功能、生长所需的微环境及基质条件密切相关.组合介质通过富集微生物改善了太湖梅梁湾水源地的水质,对总藻毒素TMC、TMC-RR、TMC-LR、胞外藻毒外EMC、Chl-a的平均去除率为64.8%、72.7%、62.9%、55.4%、30.1%.