贸易政策环境影响评价方法论初探

贸易政策对环境存在着正面或负面影响。初步定性判断,我国参与的各区域经济贸易合作将对我国环境产生一定影响。为此,本文在紧密跟踪参与WTO及其他环境与贸易谈判进程支持我国谈判的同时,创新性开展贸易政策环境影响方法初步探讨。研究表明:贸易政策环境影响评价制度是以外促内的重要环境管理手段,而研究编制我国贸易协定环境影响综合评价技术导则是我国目前环境影响评价领域急需解决的重要问题。为此建议,第一,我国应深入开展贸易政策环境影响评价理论与实践研究,为进一步实施贸易政策环境影响评价制度提供政策依据。第二,环保部门应该尽快研究编制我国自贸区环境影响评价技术导则,为推进政策环评提供技术准备,为修改《环评法》和政策环评作技术储备。第三,借助于自贸区环境部长级会议机制,进一步推进与各成员国之间经济贸易与环境保护领域的国际合作。第四,构建我国自己的绿色贸易保障体系,防止国外污染向我国转移,维护我国国际环境形象。     

我国城市环境管理体制问题分析及对策研究

从环境管理体制的角度来研究城市化不可持续的问题,通过以政策过程为主线的分析认为:由于公众和媒体作用有限导致城市环境问题的辨识不足、责任界定环节中存在的各级政府以及各部门之间的职责不清、城市政策制定环节中的不科学性和不协调性以及城市政策执行和监督环节的低效等管理体制上的问题,是阻碍城市可持续发展的根源.最后针对城市环境管理体制中存在的突出问题提出政策建议,指出重点要从明确各级政府各部门的环境职责、完善城市环境决策机制、强化监督机制等方面促进城市的可持续发展.     

Policy coherence in climate governance in Caribbean Small Island Developing States

Climate governance in Small Island developing States (SIDS) is a pressing priority to preserve livelihoods, biodiversity and ecosystems for the next generations. Understanding the dynamics of climate change policy integration is becoming more crucial as we try to measure the success of environmental governance efforts and chart new goals for sustainable development. At the international level, climate change policy has evolved from single issue to integrated approaches towards achieving sustainable development. New actors, new mechanisms and institutions of governance with greater fragmentation in governance across sectors and levels (Biermann and Pattberg, 2008) make integration of policy in the area of climate change governance even more of a challenge today. What is the Caribbean reality regarding policy coherence in climate change governance? Are the same climate change policy coherence frameworks useful or indeed applicable for environmental governance in developing states more generally and for SIDS in particular? What are the best triggers to achieve successful climate change policy integration in environmental governance—especially as the complex interconnectivity of new actors, institutions and mechanisms make the process of integration even more challenging? What facilitates and what hampers climate policy integration in the regional Caribbean context? This article reviews the debates around policy coherence for climate change governance, creates a framework to test or measure policy coherence and examines how relevant this has been to regional climate change governance processes in Commonwealth Caribbean States. The study found that though at the regional level, there is substantial recognition of the importance of and mechanics involved in climate policy coherence, this has not translated to policy coherence at the regional and national levels. There is a large degree of fragmentation in the application of climate policy in each Caribbean Island with no mechanism to breach the gap. Silos in public environmental governance architectures, unwillingness to share data, insufficient political will; unsustainable project-based funding and lack of accountability among actors are the main challenges to climate policy coherence. The findings fill a gap in the literature on the elements of climate policy coherence from a SIDS perspective.     

global warming — uncertainties,effects, and policy options

Environmental policy making is a challenging task. Often the scope of an issue is not fully comprehended, and its future impact is even less well understood. Global warming is one of these environmental issues. The issue is made more complex because, first, there is a question of whether it is a problem at all and, second, unilateral policy making by one nation may not be sufficient or even significant to tackle the problem globally. This article outlines the scientific factors that contribute to global warming and discusses the uncertainties involved. The authors then discuss the ramifications of taking action (policy making) and failing to act (doing nothing) against the background of global warming, greenhouse gases, and cost-benefit analysis. The article concludes by reporting the results of a multidisciplinary panel of experts composed of scientists, economists, and policy analysts who commented on various policy options.     

德国海洋生态环境监测现状及对我国的启示

海洋环境监测是海洋资源开发与利用的必要基础,也是海洋环境保护工作的重要依据。德国海洋环境保护技术与科学研究一直走在世界前列,同时也是海洋环境保护区域合作的良好典范。本文阐述了德国的海洋环境管理部门与海洋环境保护的法律框架,就海洋生态环境监测的监测体系、监测机构、监测内容和监测特点予以分析,并对我国海洋环境监测工作提出针对性建议。     

Nuclear power and post-2012 energy and climate change policies

At present there is no binding agreement (at a global level) to address the risk of anthropogenic climate change after 2012. Disagreements abound with respect to a post-2012 climate change agreement, on issues such as economic development, policy criteria, environmental effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, dynamic flexibility, complementarity, enforceability and so on. One such disagreement is whether or not nuclear power should play a role in a post-2012 climate change agreement. This qualitative analysis explores the conditions under which nuclear power could contribute to addressing climate change in post-2012 architectures. It reveals that – given the right framework conditions – some architectures, like ‘cap and trade’ regimes or ‘policies and measures’ can improve the competitiveness of nuclear power plants, while others are unlikely to provide incentives for nuclear energy development in the short to medium term, such as adaptation and technology cooperation. Overall, the study concludes that post-2012 climate change policy should aim at providing policy flexibility without compromising technology flexibility. For example, the provision of long-term commitment periods has the potential to enable better investments in existing low-carbon technologies but stifle the policy flexibility that political decision makers are often keen to retain so that they can respond more quickly to new scientific evidence or advances in clean technology development.     

Towards better integration of environmental science in society: Lessons from BONUS,the joint Baltic Sea environmental research and development programme

Integration of environmental science in society is impeded by the large gap between science and policy that is characterised by weaknesses in societal relevance and dissemination of science and its practical implementation in policy. We analyse experiences from BONUS, the policy-driven joint Baltic Sea research and development programme (2007–2020), which is part of the European Research Area (ERA) and involves combined research funding by eight EU member states. The ERA process decreased fragmentation of Baltic Sea science and BONUS funding increased the scientific quality and societal relevance of Baltic Sea science and strengthened the science-policy interface. Acknowledging the different drivers for science producers (academic career, need for funding, peer review) and science users (fast results fitting policy windows), and realising that most scientists aim at building conceptual understanding rather than instrumental use, bridges can be built through strategic planning, coordination and integration. This requires strong programme governance stretching far beyond selecting projects for funding, such as coaching, facilitating the sharing of infrastructure and data and iterative networking within and between science producer and user groups in all programme phases. Instruments of critical importance for successful science-society integration were identified as: (1) coordinating a strategic research agenda with strong inputs from science, policy and management, (2) providing platforms where science and policy can meet, (3) requiring cooperation between scientists to decrease fragmentation, increase quality, clarify uncertainties and increase consensus about environmental problems, (4) encouraging and supporting scientists in disseminating their results through audience-tailored channels, and (5) funding not only primary research but also synthesis projects that evaluate the scientific findings and their practical use in society – in close cooperation with science users − to enhance relevance, credibility and legitimacy of environmental science and expand its practical implementation.     

中韩合作助力东北亚蓝天

中韩两国乃至整个东北亚都面临空气质量改善的紧迫需求和挑战,大气污染防治领域的交流合作成为国际社会环境合作的热点议题. 为共同应对雾霾挑战,2019年以来,中韩两国通过密切交流合作,探索形成了一套以合作机制创新、共同平台建设、旗舰项目打造、互助联合研究等为主体的务实高效的合作范式,打破了双方在组织、地域、学科、信息、技术等方面的“五大壁垒”,实现了政策、技术、数据、信息、成果等共享,助力了两国空气质量改善,也推动了东北亚区域空气质量整体改善,为推动构建人类命运共同体在区域层面的实践提供了生态环境领域的宝贵经验. 本文在分析阐释2015—2019年中韩两国空气质量改善的紧迫需求和挑战的基础上,全面总结2019—2021年中韩大气领域合作进展和成果,以及合作过程中形成的具有全局性、前瞻性和可复制性的合作范式,阐明双方在提升两国大气污染治理能力、助力空气质量改善、切实回应社会关注问题实现增信释疑、支撑多边环境外交等方面的合作成效,并基于东北亚大气环境治理需求和面临的新形势,提出加强东北亚区域合作的展望和建议,建议未来两国应持续打造和推广中韩大气领域双边合作范式,积极推动建立“中韩+”环境合作新格局,为东北亚乃至全球大气环境治理贡献中韩智慧和方案.      

渝宜高速（重庆段）对土地利用变化驱动及景观格局的响应

为深入认识道路对土地利用/土地覆被变化的作用过程和机制,确定道路的影响范围和强度,论文选取渝宜高速（重庆段）两侧15 km缓冲带为研究区,基于1986、2000、2007和2013年4期遥感影像数据,利用ArcGIS技术和景观生态学方法,从4个分段、3个尺度探讨了高速公路驱动下土地利用和景观格局演变的梯度差异及其对道路演变的响应。结果表明,1986-2013年,研究区土地利用变化规律正在由“点”往“轴”向格局转变;2013年西段低山丘陵区、中段低山宽谷区、中段中低山峡谷区道路的影响范围分别是10、7、5 km,东段中山峡谷区道路效应不明显;总体来看,公路沿线3 km范围内土地利用开发强度高,并且4个分段的土地利用综合程度自西向东逐步降低;在道路的驱动下,全区景观格局的变化局限在一定范围内,对于西段低山丘陵区和中段低山宽谷区的景观格局显著变化在5 km内,中段中低山峡谷区、东段中山峡谷区的变化主要集中在4和3 km内,影响域内景观破碎化程度加剧,景观稳定性降低,生态景观风险增加;各分段土地利用和景观格局变化空间差异与其通车时间存在正相关关系,同时受区域经济和地形因素以及环境政策的影响。研究结论有助于丰富对生态脆弱区道路效应的理解,为区域交通规划及土地资源持续利用提供科学依据。     

京津冀地区控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

基于流行病学综合研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估技术和环境价值评估方法,对京津冀地区实施并达到2012年新颁布的《空气质量标准》中细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度标准可实现的健康效益进行了评估,并对区域内各城市的健康效益进行了比较分析.结果表明,京津冀地区能够实现的健康效益总和可达到612~2560亿元/a(均值为1729亿元/a),相当于该地区2009年地方生产总值的1.66%~6.94%(均值为4.68%).其中河北省所能实现的总健康效益最大,北京、天津和石家庄这些大城市能够实现的健康改善和经济效益最为显著.本文的研究结果可望为实施PM2.5空气质量标准的成本效益分析提供科学依据,并为大气污染区域联防联控和环境质量管理与合作提供重要的政策决策参考.     

中国城市绿色金融及其影响因素——以绿色债券为例

绿色金融是金融创新的重点,旨在调控资本供给,实现环境向好发展。以绿色债券为例,基于2016—2019年中国142个地级以上城市,使用面板数据模型和空间杜宾模型探讨政策激励、金融基础、环境污染对绿色金融的影响。结果显示：（1）中西部地区引入绿色金融的城市数目较多,东部地区是绿色金融规模增长的承载区域。（2）政策激励和金融基础显著提升绿色金融规模,而环境污染起到抑制作用。（3）不同区域的政策措施都能与金融基础协同,促成绿色金融发展。仅在东部地区,政策激励能够缓和环境污染的负面影响。研究表明,绿色金融的发展模式存在区域差异,东部地区是在政策激励和金融基础推动下的顺势转型,中西部地区则需应对环境污染造成的阻力。     

环境监测与环境监测技术的发展

环境监测是环境保护的基础,环境监测为环保工作提供了科学依据和技术支持,环境监测技术使人们能够更为及时、有效地监测、判断环境状况,进而探究环境保护的方法和途径,明确环保工作的方向和目标,制定科学、正确的环保制度和政策。在环境问题日益严重的现代社会,环境监测技术已经成为一项不可或缺的现代科学技术。本文首先分析了环境监测的涵义和发展过程,然后分析了环境监测技术的发展概况以及未来发展趋势。     

补齐医疗废物和危险废物收集处理短板的思考和建议

为推动落实中共中央政治局会议提出的“加快补齐医疗废物、危险废物收集处理设施方面短板”有关指示精神,推进危险废物环境管理领域治理体系和治理能力现代化,结合全国医疗废物、危险废物环境管理情况以及新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间医疗废物应急处置情况,通过数据分析和政策文件系统梳理,识别出医疗废物、危险废物收集处置短板,并提出相应的对策建议.结果表明,目前仍存在医疗废物收集处置和管理有待加强、医疗废物应急处置能力薄弱、危险废物利用处置能力不匹配不均衡、集中处置区域合作和跨省（区、市）协同有待探索、处置产业有待升级发展等问题.建议编制实施全国医疗废物和危险废物收集处理设施建设规划,提升医疗废物环境管理和应急响应能力,提升医疗废物、危险废物调查评估和监管信息化能力,统筹建立健全多层次的危险废物处置设施体系,推动利用处置技术优化升级,通过加强顶层设计,聚焦重点领域,推进医疗废物危险废物补短板工作.      

基于MAPGIS的湖北房县土地生态环境敏感性分析

区域生态环境敏感性综合评价涉及许多因素,而且生态环境敏感性分区是制定生态环境规划的基础。本文结合湖北房县的实际的生态环境情况,从地质灾害、土地利用的合理程度以及水土流失三大类入手,结合层次分析法和MAPGIS平台对房县进行敏感性分区和评价,最后得出分区保护和治理的建议。通过对房县进行土地生态环境敏感性分区,有助于形成合理的生态规划布局。同时,为土地利用总体规划的合理制定提供了理论指导,为整个鄂西北山区生态功能区划工作打下了坚实的基础并提供了科学的依据。     

Science and policy in air pollution abatement strategies

In modern society, science is considered to have a pivotal role in defining environmental risks and problems as well as proposing relevant solutions to them. However, even political action is needed, which is not the least apparent when it comes to transboundary environmental problems. Today, there is an urgent need to create ways for science and policy to co-operate to find acceptable international solutions to transboundary environmental problems.This article focuses on the relationship between science and policy within the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (CLRTAP). The LRTAP convention is seen as one of the most science-based regimes that exist, and is considered by researchers as well as politicians an exemplary form of co-operation between science and policy. Within this convention the concept of critical loads (CL) of ecosystem and the interactive computer model of the regional acidification information system (RAINS) have served as important tools for connecting scientific knowledge to policy-making. Through an empirical investigation, the article shows that CL and RAINS have different meanings for the involved actors, which include heterogeneous views on the boundary between science and policy. However, this has not constrained but rather enabled co-operation. Through a flexible understanding of CL and RAINS, actors from different fields have been able to find and agree upon successful solutions.     

Wildfire policy and use of science in the context of a socio-ecological system on the Aegean Archipelago

This paper summarizes the results of a primarily qualitative (with certain quantitative elements) socio-ecological study on three Greek islands of the Aegean Archipelago to characterize fire science and policy at regional and local levels, and perceptions of fire risk. Among the most important factors influencing dynamics of fire regimes on the islands are changing land use patterns and practices, and changes in climate and fuel conditions. While use of scientific information is not widespread, there are individuals in all three islands who regularly consult scientific sources. Although fire policy is largely controlled at the national and European Union levels, local activity also occurs, most notably through the volunteer fire fighting organizations, interactions with local officials, and public education efforts. However, though seen as important, significant lack of financial support and resources exist to support prevention and pre-suppression programs. Prevention of fires on the islands, including the use of prescribed burning, is relatively inadequate, and while an intense interest in preventing the loss of communities and ecosystems is frequently encountered, public participation in fire prevention remains limited. The findings suggest that relying on local knowledge, in combination with fire managers’ decision-making abilities, could improve fire management options and reduce wildfire suppression costs and ecological disasters.     

山江湖地区农民参与政府主导生态建设工程的“生态-经济”效应感知

农民对参与政府主导生态建设工程后的“生态-经济”效应感知是决定其未来是否继续参与的根本或调整参与行为与心态的指针。使用参与式农村评估方法对山江湖区农民对参与生态建设后的“生态-经济”效应感知予以访谈,借助生态时限法和EXCEL软件分析访谈所取得的农民对“生态-经济”效应感知的认识,结果表明：①农民参与的经济效应感知强调自行山场投入、创造与分享,参与收益后农户常具有造血功能,对政府的依赖性有一定程度的松动;②农民参与的生态效应感知主要体现为水土流失减少、山泉水增多等第一生态效应反应,是否危害他们的生产、生活安全;③农民参与收益的衍生效应主要体现为生产稳定性、生活舒适度等,更多地强调生态与经济效应的衍生,具有不经意性;④主动改善是山江湖区农民“生态-经济”效应感知的主要方式,未来合适的适应性政策制定仅需在收益分配上考虑农民的参与即可激发农民参与积极性,为山江湖农民参与政府主导生态建设工程的调控提供合适路径。     

The use of word-based models to describe the development of UK acid rain policy in the 1980s

Understanding how environmental policy decisions were reached in the past might help predict policy development in the future. This paper evaluates how well two existing frameworks for decision analysis fit acid rain policy development of the UK Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) in the 1980s. Decision tree analysis assumes a rational approach to decision-making and overlooks the dynamic nature of the decision making process. Trudgill's model identifies barriers to policy development, but it is not possible to identify which are most important. Both concentrate on the role of scientific uncertainty in the acid rain debate. An alternative approach is presented which identifies all possible influencing factors and assesses their relative influence. Whilst confirming the importance of the resolution of scientific uncertainty in this case study, it identifies a number of alternative pressure sources, including independent scientific review, rises in SO₂ emissions, European environmental legislation, and influences within the Government. In all three models, ascribing predictive values to all possible options is a major problem. All models are limited in their ability to describe complex and dynamic environmental problems, and hence have limited predictive powers. Decision tree analysis and Trudgill's barriers model identify how scientific uncertainty is dealt with within organisations, whilst the influencing factors approach puts decisions in a broader, political framework.     

环评现状调查中存在的问题及对策探析

环境现状调查所获得的区域环境质量参数值是建设项目环境影响评价的背景资料,其科学性直接影响到能否得出科学、可信的环评结论.在此针对现状调查工作开展过程中出现的随意套用现有资料、监测资料准确性和可用性差等问题,通过实例分析若干应重点关注的因素和规范的操作,更好地促进现状调查工作满足环境影响评价的需求.