确定不同保证率下的中国酸沉降临界负荷

在进行中国酸沉降临界负荷区划时 ,通常以 1°× 1°(经纬度 )的网格为单位进行计算 ,难以反映网格内不同生态系统对酸沉降敏感性的差异 .为了便于决策者根据临界负荷确定酸沉降控制对策 ,也为了使 1°× 1°的结果更具代表性和实用性 ,本研究确定了 0 1°× 0 1°网格为单位计算的中国酸沉降临界负荷 ,并在此基础上通过引入保证率的概念 ,得到了一系列与一定的经济技术水平相适应的、允许有一定损失的 1°× 1°的中国酸沉降临界负荷图 .利用累积分布函数 ,本研究还确定了不同保证率下的中国酸沉降超临界负荷分布和各省、市、自治区的酸沉降临界负荷 .     

珠江三角洲地区硫和氮沉降临界负荷研究

通过实地采集土壤样品和测量其矿物组成,收集植被和大气沉降等数据,应用稳态质量平衡(SMB)法和ArcGIS,计算得到了珠江三角洲地区硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷及其超临界负荷.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区当前硫沉降临界负荷呈现东高西低的态势,高值区分布于惠州大部、广州中北部、东莞和中山南部地区,其临界负荷值大于15.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1;低值区包括江门大部、肇庆大部和深圳部分地区,其临界负荷值小于2.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1.氮沉降临界负荷在1.0~2.5 keq·(hm2·a)-1范围,小于1.0 keq·(hm2·a)-1出现在肇庆等地区.当前硫沉降超过临界负荷的区域较少,但大部分区域氮沉降超过了其临界负荷;未来随着大气颗粒物浓度的降低硫沉降临界负荷将下降,将出现大片硫超临界负荷区.因此,当前珠江三角洲地区应加大氮沉降控制的力度,未来在控制大气颗粒物的同时应特别注重硫沉降的协调控制.     

无锡市水环境的卫星遥感分析

利用计算机图像处理和多元统计方法处理了无锡市卫星遥感数据,形象直观地显示了无锡市水环境的宏观面貌,较好地反映了无锡水网主干河道的水质空间分布特征。研究表明,卫星遥感技术作为地面监测方法的一种有效补充,可提供丰富的遥感水质信息。     

我国自然生态系统氮沉降临界负荷评估

过量的氮沉降引起了一系列环境问题并导致生物多样性损失,因此评估当前生态系统氮沉降临界负荷对区域氮管理及其污染控制至关重要.利用稳态质量平衡法估算了当前我国自然生态系统的氮沉降临界负荷,并与氮沉降数据对比,获取了我国超过氮沉降临界负荷的生态系统空间分布情况.结果表明,6%的地区氮沉降临界负荷大于56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,67%的地区氮沉降临界负荷在14～56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1之间,27%的地区氮沉降临界负荷小于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.氮沉降临界负荷较高的区域主要分布在青藏高原东部、内蒙古东北部和南部部分地区.氮沉降临界负荷较低的区域主要分布在青藏高原西部、西北地区和东南部分地区.氮沉降超过临界负荷的区域约占我国的21%,主要分布在东南和东北部分地区.东北、西北和青藏高原地区超临界负荷值普遍低于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.因此,未来这些超过氮沉降临界负荷地区的氮素管理和控制更为值得关注.     

中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷的区划

为了解中国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态法研究中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷区划.结果表明,中国地表水硫沉降临界负荷呈较明显的地带分布.其中,大兴安岭北端水体的硫沉降临界负荷最低,大部分小于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,东北北部部分水体和秦岭-淮河以南大部分地区水体的硫沉降临界负荷介于2～10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1之间,其余地区水体硫沉降临界负荷普遍大于10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1.地表水酸度临界负荷的地区分布和数值大小类似于硫沉降临界负荷由于中国地表水酸度临界负荷普遍大于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,因此大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感,近期内不易酸化.     

基于环境效应的土壤重金属临界负荷制图

我国高速发展的工业化和城市化造成土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,威胁到生态环境和人体健康,因此重金属污染的防控与管理变得尤其重要.临界负荷是重金属风险管理的重要工具,可以用来防范重金属污染危害的发生.本文基于现状平衡、水环境效应以及健康风险这3种情形,采用稳态质量平衡模型,分别计算Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素在不同效应水平下的临界负荷值并进行制图,分析重金属临界负荷及其空间分布特征,利用长三角地区和中国的农田重金属输入通量,估算出超临界负荷的面积比例.结果表明,Cd的临界负荷值最小,Pb次之,Cu和Zn较大.研究区内各元素的临界负荷在空间上存在差异,低值区主要分布在林地,高值区零散地分布于城市东部与西南部,农田以中值区和中高值区为主.与通量监测数据比较发现,各重金属元素均出现超临界负荷现象,其中研究区90%以上面积的Pb、Zn元素均超出不同效应下的临界负荷,Cd元素主要在现状平衡与健康风险下出现超临界负荷,Cu元素在现状平衡与水环境效应下出现大面积超临界负荷.本文研究的不同效应水平下的重金属临界负荷可以作为重金属排放控制的参考,从而有效地控制重金属的排放来防止重金属污染风险的发生.     

Ecosystem mapping for the implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy at the national level: The case of Italy

Several international initiatives, including the European Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, promote the identification and mapping of ecosystems as basic tools for the conservation of biodiversity and related services. On coarse scales, the spatial representation of ecosystems is usually based on broad land cover categories that largely overlook important ecological and biogeographic features of the biotic communities they are meant to exemplify. This paper presents a nationwide ecosystem mapping approach that promotes a degree of thematic detail, which is more suited than that found in the continental maps to meeting biodiversity conservation targets in Italy. The approach is based on the rationale that current and potential vegetation cover are valuable proxies for outlining ecosystems. The resulting Ecosystem Map of Italy includes 43 types of forest ecosystems instead of the 5 woodland, forest and other wooded land types recognized at the European level. We outline the expected advantages of this enhanced thematic detail for a number of conservation purposes and highlight how the resulting maps may help to meet biodiversity conservation targets at the national level. In particular, we refer to the assessment of conservation status, the definition of restoration priorities, the planning of green infrastructure and the identification of collapse risks for the ecosystems identified. Comprehensively, the definition, characterization and assessment of ecosystem types represent the carrying structure of the recently launched national system of natural capital accounting.     

Critical load of sulfur deposition for ecosystemand its application in China

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Estimation of suspension of alkaline material by dust devils in the United States

Estimates are made of the contribution of dust devils to the aerosol mass burden over the U.S. These estimates have been derived from experimental data generalized by using climatic and vegetation maps of the U.S. The area of maximum calculated dust production by dust devils in the southwestern U.S. Comparison of our calculated fluxes with background aerosol data shows general agreement. Comparison of alkaline dust emissions from wind erosion shows that dust devils provide a similar magnitude input of atmospheric dust.     

稳态法确定酸沉降临界负荷的基本理论探讨

明确了确定酸沉降界负荷理论的基本概念,通过建立生态系统在临界状态时淋溶液中碱度产生的静态质量平衡得到计算到沉降临界负荷的基本方程,由此方程又导出计算酸度,潜在酸度,硫和氮等临界负荷的数学表达式,并讨论了根据对选择对指示生物有机体不发生危害的临界化学值计算了淋溶临界碱度的方法,由此给稳态法建立了完整系统的理论体系。     

A targeting approach for ecosystem protection

The Critical Ecosystems Team of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 5, has developed an approach to prioritize and target ecologically high-quality areas for enhanced environmental protection in the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Using this approach, we intend to employ a pro-active strategy to protect the environment by protecting and restoring natural ecosystems rather than the traditional EPA approach of remediating and attempting to restore already degraded habitats. The approach consists of two components: (1) partnership and (2) criteria. For the partnership component, we collected, mapped, and summarized information on ecosystems considered critical to federal and state agencies, tribes and non-profit organizations. Multi-county areas with high numbers of ecosystems identified by a variety of partners were designated as ‘Ecologically Rich Regions’. These Ecologically Rich Regions highlight broad geographic areas where there are high levels of partner interest and, correspondingly, areas with high potential for forming collaborative partnerships for enhanced environmental protection. The second component, which relies on criteria, is still under development and defines critical ecosystems as having three important properties: (1) high ecological diversity, (2) potential for long-term sustainability and (3) presence of relict native ecosystems or communities. The information compiled under both components of this ecosystem targeting approach will inform ecological risk managers and assessors about important ecosystems that should be considered in risk management and assessment processes.     

闽南地区生态环境对酸沉降的临界负荷研究

报道了闽南生态环境对酸沉降临界负荷的研究结果。考虑到干、湿２种沉降形式,试用了１种新的酸沉降临界负荷计算方法:用树木和农作物的SO₂容量代表酸性干沉降的临界负荷,用土壤酸缓冲容量计算酸性湿沉降的临界负荷。结果表明:闽南的干、湿酸沉降临界负荷均大大高于现实酸沉降负荷      

Climate change impacts on freshwater recreational fishing in the United States

We estimated the biological and economic impacts of climate change on freshwater fisheries in the United States (U.S.). Changes in stream temperatures, flows, and the spatial extent of suitable thermal habitats for fish guilds were modeled for the coterminous U.S. using a range of projected changes in temperature and precipitation caused by increased greenhouse gases (GHGs). Based on modeled shifts in available thermal habitat for fish guilds, we estimated potential economic impacts associated with changes in freshwater recreational fishing using a national-scale economic model of recreational fishing behavior. In general, the spatial distribution of coldwater fisheries is projected to contract, being replaced by warm/cool water and high-thermally tolerant, lower recreational priority (i.e., “rough”) fisheries. Changes in thermal habitat suitability become more pronounced under higher emissions scenarios and at later time periods. Under the highest GHG emissions scenario, by year 2100 habitat for coldwater fisheries is projected to decline by roughly 50 % and be largely confined to mountainous areas in the western U.S. and very limited areas of New England and the Appalachians. The economic model projects a decline in coldwater fishing days ranging from 1.25 million in 2030 to 6.42 million by 2100 and that the total present value of national economic losses to freshwater recreational fishing from 2009 to 2100 could range from $81 million to $6.4 billion, depending on the emissions scenario and the choice of discount rate.     

An integrated assessment of regional air pollution and climate change in Europe: findings of the AIR-CLIM Project

This paper presents results of an assessment of the linkages between regional air pollution and climate change in Europe (the AIR-CLIM Project). The main research tool was an integrated modeling framework and the main product was a consistent set of long-term scenarios covering Europe between 1995 and 2100. Scenarios consisted of trends in emissions, acid deposition, nitrogen deposition and climate change. Critical loads and critical levels were used to assess the impacts of deposition to forest soils and a new analogous concept of “critical climate change” was developed to assess the impacts of climate change. Taking into consideration the limitations of the scope and models used in the study, preliminary conclusions were: (1) regional air pollution and climate change may be fairly weakly coupled in the natural environment, i.e. climate change was not found to have a large impact on the sensitivity of forest ecosystems to regional air pollution, nor on the distribution of deposition; nor did regional air pollution (in the form of sulfate aerosols) have a significant impact on climate change in Europe; (2) however, regional air pollution and climate change may be strongly coupled in the “policy” environment. It was estimated that virtually all of Europe at mid-century might be affected by either regional air pollution or climate change, or both, and this will require a strong policy response. Moreover, the indirect effects of climate policies were found to reduce the costs of controlling air pollution emissions by more than 50%, suggesting a strong potential financial linkage between policies to reduce greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions.     

晋江流域污染负荷空间分布及关键源区识别

提出了利用水文和水质同步监测资料计算流域污染负荷空间分布的一般程序,并探讨了采用污染负荷贡献与集水区面积占比关系识别流域污染关键源区的方法,并在晋江流域进行了实例应用.结果表明:晋江下游取水口金鸡断面污染负荷主要来自东溪和西溪,枯水期CODMn、NH3-N和TP负荷分别是226.8、27.1和17.1g/s,占丰、平水期的18%~67%.丰、枯水期东溪和西溪对金鸡断面污染负荷贡献基本相当,而平水期西溪贡献显著大于东溪.晋江流域污染关键源区分别为蓬壶-长厅桥区间、长厅桥-港龙区间、横口-园美区间等5个断面区间,该关键源区识别方法不仅较好反映了污染物浓度和污染负荷在流域内的空间分布,同时还指出了主要污染物及敏感时期,可为后期的污染治理提供依据.本研究提出的污染负荷贡献计算程序以及关键源区识别方法具有较好的普适性,可为其他流域提供借鉴.     

应用动态模型确定酸沉降临界负荷的探讨

任何一个天然生态系统都是一个稳定系统.在一定酸沉降量的作用下,生态系统最终会平衡在一个新的稳定状态.动态模型可以模拟不同酸沉降量下生态系统化学状态的变化趋势.根据信号与系统理论,这种趋势可以用一阶指数衰减函数进行模拟,以得到系统达到稳定状态时的化学指标值.根据不同酸沉降量和所对应的稳态化学指标值之间的剂量-响应曲线,可以求出当系统稳态化学指标值达到临界化学值时的酸沉降量,即为系统的酸沉降临界负荷.应用这种方法,以MAGIC模型为例,计算了四川峨眉山顶水和重庆南山湖泊的硫沉降临界负荷,分别为1.54和6.5     

应用稳态模型计算中国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷

为了解我国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态模型计算我国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷.文中根据我国实际情况获得了计算地表水背景硫酸盐浓度的经验公式.结果表明,我国南方绝大部分地表水的硫沉降临界负荷大于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,对酸沉降不敏感.临界负荷小于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1的水体主要为部分山地水体.除了这部分山地水体外,其余水体的现状S沉降都没有超过临界负荷,表明它们在短期内不会发生酸化.超临界负荷的地区分布和临界负荷类似,均表现为东南沿海的福建、广东和江西3省低于西南和华中地区.对模型结果的不确定性分析表明,只要模型参数的取值在合适的范围内,参数的不确定性对结果造成的误差较小,可以接受.     

应用稳态酸化模型计算酸沉降临界负荷

应用稳定状态土壤化学模型ＰＲＯＦＩＬＥ计算了柳州薄层砂页岩红壤和地表水的酸沉降临界负荷。对模型所需参数,建立了系统完整的收集、测量与计算方法,得到柳州地区针叶林植被区域由湿沉降计算总沉降的经验公式。     

Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union,the Conterminous United States,Mexico and Brazil

This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.