气相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药

本方法研究了水样中ＤＤＶＰ、地亚农、乐果、甲基对硫磷、内吸磷、马拉硫磷、水胺硫磷、乙硫磷和乙基谷硫磷等九种有机磷农药的气相色谱分析方法。该方法用三氯甲烷提取水中的有机磷农药,毛细管柱分离,程序升温,ＦＰＤ测定。方法操作简单,测定水中有机磷农药的最低检出浓度在２．８ｎｇ／Ｌ至０．０２９ｍｇ／Ｌ之间,加标回收率在７０．０％～１２０％。方法适用于地表水、地下水和废水中痕量有机磷农药的测定。     

顶空-毛细管气相色谱法测定水中三卤甲烷

采用项空-毛细管气相色谱法分析测定水中三卤甲烷(THM),样品在50℃静态顶空条件下平衡40 min,经HP-5毛细管色谱柱进行分离,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析,外标法定量三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷,对THM的回收率为96.0%~98.3%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~2.0%,检出限为0.008~0.07μg/L。所建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确,具有良好的精密度与准确度,可用于测定水中THM。     

离子色谱法测定水中8种无机阴离子的氢氧根体系方法探讨研究

基于国家环境标准"水质无机阴离子的测定离子色谱法"(HJ 84-2016),采用离子交换色谱法对水样中8种无机阴离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_2~-、Br~-、NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、SO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))进行分离分析研究,对氢氧根体系相关的色谱条件进行了探讨。并在优化后的色谱条件下对方法的检出限、准确度和精密度进行了验证,建立了本实验室同时分析水中8种阴离子的方法,为国家标准方法的应用提供参考。     

气相色谱法测定水中内吸磷

建立了氯仿萃取、高效毛细管柱分离、气相色谱．火焰光度检测器测定水中痕量内吸磷的方法。方法在0～200μg／L范围线性良好,内吸磷的检出限为0．1μg／L,RSD≤3．7％,平均加标回收率在90．8％～98．2％之间。     

水中10种挥发性有机物的快速检测

采用吹扫捕集与快速气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用,建立测定水中10种石化行业常见挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吹扫捕集-快速气相色谱-飞行时间质谱的分析方法。通过质谱定性,选定目标物的特征离子,运用内标法定量,采用DN-624(20m×0.18mm×1μm)快速毛细管色谱柱,在10min内完成对水中10种VOCs的分析,在保证各目标物灵敏度和分辨率不受影响的同时,分析时间从标准方法的17min降至10min。该方法的线性、精密度与检出限满足标准方法 HJ 639—2012《水质挥发性有机物的测定吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法》要求,通过实验验证,能够广泛应用于石化行业环境监测与应急监测。     

气质联用法和气相法测定土壤中正丁醇的比较

文章使用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱法进行土壤中正丁醇的检测，从校准曲线、检出限、精密度、加标回收率等方面论证了两个方法对于测定土壤中正丁醇的可能性并对两种方法的测定效果进行比较。     

巯基棉富集气相色谱法测定水中微量甲基汞

根据在一定的酸度条件下,巯基棉能定量吸附甲基汞的原理,采用多只巯基棉吸附串接富集,并两次浓缩的方法,用气相色谱法测定水中微量甲基汞。     

土壤中有机磷农药的测定及光催化降解的研究

本文以建立加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机磷农药的方法及其光降解为主要研究目的。通过条件优化摸索出更为优越的土壤有机磷农药前处理方法,利用高灵敏度、高选择性的FPD检测器进行定性、定量分析。使用溶胶凝胶法自制纳米二氧化钛粉体,讨论土壤中乐果光催化降解的影响因素。研究结果显示硅胶小柱的净化效果好;敌敌畏由于本身的性质,回收只有30%左右。催化剂剂量、反应时间、光照强度对乐果的光催化降解均有较大的影响。     

用乙基紫分光比色法测定水中微量阴离子表面活性剂

测定水中阴离子表面活性剂(简称AS)最常用的方法是以Longwell-Maniece为代表的亚甲基兰(methvlene blue)法(MB法),而MB法却是一个繁琐和灵敏度低的方法,不适于饮用水、自来水和天然水中微量AS测定。该法选择性差,所测结果通常称为MB活性物浓度。尚有一些其它的方法,如原子吸收间接测定法、气相色谱法、红外光谱法、高速液相色谱法、火焰分光光度间接测量法等。本文采用一种新的AS分光光度测定法:以乙基紫作阳离子染料,使痕迹量的阴离子表面恬性剂被选     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中菊酯类农药残留

用等量体积混合的丙酮和石油醚作提出剂,弹性石英毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器,气相色谱法测定蔬菜中3种菊酯类农药残留。方法检出限（3S/N）为0.010mg/L~0.023 mg/L,相对标准偏差均〈7%,样品加标回收率在78%~91%范围内。方法简便快速,可满足蔬菜安全卫生的监督检测。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.