原有路基稳定性对高速公路加宽工程的影响分析

通过数值模拟,结合高速公路加宽工程实例,分析了在原有路基未固结稳定情况下新老路基的固结沉降变形特性,并对可能的处理方法进行了分析探讨。结果表明,新老路基的沉降随着老路固结度的减小而逐渐增大,但差异沉降却逐渐减小;当老路固结度较小时,在固结后期差异沉降可能逐渐减小;轻质路堤法和复合地基法分别处理新路地基时,各有优缺点,轻质路堤法对老路附加沉降影响较大,但能较好地控制不均匀沉降,复合地基法对老路附加沉降影响很小,但在老路固结度较低时,差异沉降较大。     

考虑支座转角的地基不均匀沉降基础隔震结构地震响应分析∗

地基不均匀沉降可能会引起沉降范围内部分隔震支座发生转动,造成隔震层刚度发生变化,进而导致上部结构地震损伤和失效风险增大。针对地基不均匀沉降条件下基础隔震结构地震响应研究,现有成果大都通过施加平动位移进行模拟,并未考虑隔震支座转角的不利影响。为了研究地基不均匀沉降条件下基础隔震结构支座可能出现的转动及其对整体结构地震响应特征影响规律,首先以隔震支座为对象,研究了支座转动变形与叠层橡胶隔震支座水平刚度变化关系,建立了叠层橡胶隔震支座转角与水平刚度变化关系函数;在此基础上系统研究了地基不均匀沉降条件下整体基础隔震结构响应特征,以及基础结构的减震系数变化规律,以期揭示地基不均匀沉降对基础隔震结构地震响应影响机理。结果表明：隔震支座转角变形会引起隔震结构体系地震响应发生显著变化,随着隔震支座转角增大,隔震层水平刚度增大的同时隔震结构体系变形能力减弱,进而造成上部结构加速度响应增大,位移响应减小,导致基础隔震结构水平减震系数增大,减震效果低于预期;当转角接近π/2 时,隔震支座将丧失降低上部结构地震响应的作用,原隔震结构将退化为抗震结构;对于存在地基不均匀沉降的基础隔震结构,应及时采取必要措施控制地震响应,以防范上部结构发生倾覆。     

分级加荷条件下公路软基路堤沉降的预测方法

软土地基上修筑路堤多采用分级施工的方法。在传统双曲线沉降预测法的基础上，提出了软土地基上路堤分级施工情况下沉降预测的一个新模型，该模型考虑了土的非线性特性和固结性质随荷载的变化，可实现尽早预报沉降的要求。通过工程实例验证了所提模型的适用性。     

灰色系统理论在建筑物沉降和倾斜预测中的应用

建筑物的地基不均匀沉降导致建筑物倾斜是严重的建筑工程灾害,对其进行定量的观测研究和预报是防止灾害扩大的必要前提。本文利用灰色预测模型对建筑物倾斜和基础沉降进行模拟和预测,结果表明:模型精度高,预测结果令人满意。     

高铁隧道施工对文物建筑影响的评估方法研究

高铁隧道施工普遍采用暗挖盾构法,高铁隧道遇到下穿文物建筑情况时,施工过程势必造成地表沉降,进而可能使文物建筑发生不均匀沉降,若文物建筑倾斜过大,就有破坏的危险。目前,针对高铁隧道施工对文物建筑影响的评估尚无明确统一的方法,本文结合实际工程,研究了高铁隧道施工对文物建筑影响的因素,将地表沉降值和文物建筑倾斜率作为评估指标,提出了一套适用于高铁隧道施工对文物建筑影响的有效评估方法,其中沉降值可以采用工程类比法分析确定,文物建筑倾斜率可以采用国家规范进行限定,为高铁隧道施工对文物建筑影响的评估提供了实用方法。     

强夯地基处理工艺在换流站场平施工中的应用

针对西北部分地区地表层粉砂分布不均、砂岩不易破碎、块石回填方量大、回填厚度深等问题,考虑特高压换流站工程地基处理的适用性及其成效、工期、造价等多方面因素,提出强夯地基处理方案。应用结果表明:该方法具有快速提高填土密实程度,加速填土前期固结,提高填土的物理力学性能,减少填土的后期沉降和建(构)筑物及地面设备基础的沉降等优点,可广泛应用于西北地区特高压换流站及其他大面积土石方开挖、回填及地基处理施工工程。     

不均匀沉降对开元商厦的危害及其监测

开元商厦建设过程中由于基础不均匀沉降导致大面积裂缝。采用Ⅰ等水准测量及改进后的方法对其进行了一年半的跟踪监测。结果表明,基础不均匀沉降明显,荷载较大的主楼部分为主沉降因素。观测期间沉降速率在６～８ｍｍ／ａ。     

路面结构对填砂路基不均匀沉降变形的力学响应

针对填砂路基产生不均匀沉降对路面结构产生破环的情况,建立起能反映填砂路堤不均匀沉降对沥青路面结构影响的有限元分析模型,通过计算分析不均匀沉降量对沥青路面结构的影响,研究不同路面结构层次组合对填砂路堤不均匀沉降的适应性。根据研究成果提出,实际工程应采取有效措施控制填砂路堤的不均匀沉降,从而延长路面使用寿命;在保证路表弯沉、道路承载能力的前提下,可适当选用模量较低的基层材料;随着底基层厚度的增加,基层底面水平向附加拉应力减小,故在实际施工中可适当增大级配碎石底基层的厚度。     

大直径泥水盾构下穿民房建筑群沉降分析及控制北大核心CSCD

大直径泥水盾构下穿民房建筑群时沉降控制严格,风险较大。以南京纬三路过江通道工程S线大直径泥水盾构下穿保健村民房建筑群为背景,通过三维数值计算,对盾构施工主要影响区的范围和沉降量进行理论预测,在施工过程中根据理论预测结果对该范围内民房进行分类监测,并结合现场实测数据研究盾构施工对民房建筑群的影响,提出相应的沉降控制措施。研究结果表明:三维数值分析能够较好地预测盾构施工的影响范围及沉降量,可用于指导房屋沉降监测;盾构施工控制不当使得地表产生不均匀沉降、民房发生倾斜和裂缝等问题,通过控制支护压力、调整施工速度和壁后注浆等施工参数,并及时对地层进行注浆加固,有效地控制了地面沉降,保证了施工的顺利进行。     

大直径泥水盾构下穿民房建筑群沉降分析及控制

大直径泥水盾构下穿民房建筑群时沉降控制严格,风险较大。以南京纬三路过江通道工程S线大直径泥水盾构下穿保健村民房建筑群为背景,通过三维数值计算,对盾构施工主要影响区的范围和沉降量进行理论预测,在施工过程中根据理论预测结果对该范围内民房进行分类监测,并结合现场实测数据研究盾构施工对民房建筑群的影响,提出相应的沉降控制措施。研究结果表明:三维数值分析能够较好地预测盾构施工的影响范围及沉降量,可用于指导房屋沉降监测;盾构施工控制不当使得地表产生不均匀沉降、民房发生倾斜和裂缝等问题,通过控制支护压力、调整施工速度和壁后注浆等施工参数,并及时对地层进行注浆加固,有效地控制了地面沉降,保证了施工的顺利进行。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.