城市街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物的扩散规律

街道峡谷中机动车排放污染物的扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,并受街道峡谷宽高比、峡谷两侧街区建筑物高度的对称性和高度分布及街区形状等因素的影响.街道峡谷宽高比接近1时,递升型峡谷以及宽阔街道有利于污染物的扩散;可以通过改变街道线源附近街区内建筑物的高度来明显降低污染物浓度.城市建筑规划中若科学考虑上述影响可以减少街道峡谷内污染物的积聚.      

城市街道峡谷内机动力排放污染物的扩散规律

街道峡谷中机动车排放污染物的扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速，并受街道峡谷宽高比，峡谷两侧街区建筑物高度的对称性和高度分布及街区形状等因素的影响，街道峡谷度比接近1时，递升型峡谷以及宽阔街道有利于污染物的扩散，可以通过改变街道线源附近街区内建符物的高度来明显降低污染浓度，城市建筑规则中若科学考虑上述影响可以减少街道峡谷内污染物的积聚。     

街道峡谷内空气流动和污染物扩散研究

通过CFD数值模拟方法研究了街道峡谷中斜屋顶建筑在不同风速、不同开窗率时污染物流动与扩散的规律。模拟结果表明,斜屋顶街道峡谷中的空气涡流主要集中在背风面和迎风面的顶部,迎风面的污染物浓度指数远小于背风面的污染物浓度指数。提高风速和增大开窗率整个峡谷流动旋涡有减小和消失的趋势,街道峡谷中背风面的污染物浓度指数下降明显。开窗和提高风速有利于污染物的移除。     

城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

环境空气动力学

X1692加201989城市街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物的扩散规律/张化天(中国环科院大气所)…//环境科学研究/中国环科院一2(X犯,15(1)一51一54环图X一6 街道峡谷中机动车排放污染物的扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,并受街道峡谷宽高比、峡谷两侧街区建筑物高度的对称性和高度分布及街区形状等因素的影响。街道峡谷宽高比接近1时,递升型峡谷以及宽阔街道有利于污染物的扩散;可以通过改变街道线源附近街区内建筑物的高度来明显降低污染物浓度。城市建筑规划中若科学考虑上述影响可以减少街道峡谷内污染物的积聚。图3参20X1692(X)叩1夕关)都市及广域大…     

屋顶形状对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,通过求解二维连续性方程,Navier-Stokes方程及污染物输运方程,模拟了具有不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷的流场及交通污染物浓度场.计算结果与风洞试验结果总体趋势一致.由于屋顶形状的不同,峡谷内的流场会形成顺时针或逆时针方向的旋涡,从而影响建筑物迎风面与背风面污染物浓度分布.在各种屋顶形状的街道峡谷中,壁面污染物浓度的相对大小与其附近的速度分布有直接关系.通过对街道峡谷建筑屋顶高度处垂直方向污染物通量的计算和比较,说明了不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷平均流扩散和湍流扩散的强弱,污染物湍流扩散通量值有可能为正或为负;同时,峡谷内剩余污染物浓度的大小表明了屋顶形状对污染物扩散出街道峡谷难易的影响.      

城市街道峡谷中气态污染物扩散数值计算方法研究

选用不同的差分格式(Upwind, Hybrid, Hquick)对城市街道峡谷内部汽车污染物排放浓度进行了预测,并于风洞实验结果对比。研究表明,三种格式的计算结果和实验结果总体趋势一致,即背风面建筑物附近浓度远高于迎风面建筑物附近的浓度,地面附近浓度高于峡谷上方的浓度。相比之下,Hquick格式的预测性能最佳,应为首选。     

道路绿化带对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响研究

研究了道路绿化带对街道峡谷内流场与机动车尾气扩散的影响特征.假设绿化带树冠为均匀多孔介质,采用压力损失系数表征树冠对空气流动的阻碍作用,建立可用于数值模拟的绿化带多孔介质物理模型.采用稳态k-ε湍流模型结合组分输运方程模拟道路中央有绿化带街道峡谷内的尾气扩散过程,模拟结果与风洞试验数据对比吻合较好.分析发现,有绿化带街道峡谷内存在一个围绕树冠的顺时针旋涡,旋涡中心略偏向右上方,背风面污染物浓度显著增大,较无绿化带的污染物平均浓度增长46.0%.进一步模拟了不同绿化带树冠高度情况下街道峡谷内流场与浓度场,发现随着树冠位置的上升,峡谷内流场旋涡中心逐步上移且偏向迎风建筑物,峡谷内整体气流速度下降,污染物浓度逐步升高,树冠底部高度为8 m时其污染物浓度可达4 m时的2倍多;尤其是当树冠顶部超过屋顶高度时,峡谷内污染物总体浓度增长迅速.     

瑞丽城区一氧化碳污染的现状

经监测，瑞丽市城区街道空气中一氧化碳的日平均浓度己超过国家二级标准，其主要来源是汽车尾气排放，而且其浓度与汽车流量呈线性正相关。主导风与街道斜交，在街道峡谷内形成旋涡流场，使ＣＯ向背风面扩散并沿街道输送，导致局部测点浓度过高。目前控制ＣＯ浓度宜限制尾气超标汽车入城并合理分流入城汽车。     

壁面加热作用对街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

采用CFD软件Fluent研究了不同壁面加热条件下街道峡谷内流场及污染物浓度分布情况.结果表明,当街道高宽比(H/W)为1.33时,在低风速(u=1m/s)条件下,当壁面与周围大气无温差时,街道峡谷内存在一个稳定的顺时针大漩涡,污染物在背风侧堆积.当背风面、地面和背风面分别被加热时,峡谷内流场分布与无温差时相似,此时峡谷内的湍流强度增强,导致污染物浓度降低.当迎风面被加热时,峡谷内流场由原来的单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构,此时街道峡谷下部浓度较高,上部浓度相对较低.当地面和迎风面同时被加热,温差较小(?θ=2℃)时,街道峡谷内流场由单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构; 温差增大为5℃,峡谷内由双漩涡分裂成了3个漩涡,此时污染物分布与迎风面被加热情况相似.通过实测值和模拟值的比较可知,Fluent软件对街道峡谷大气环境的模拟结果基本合理.     

街道峡谷对称性对污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了行列式和错列式街谷两侧建筑物的对称性对街谷内和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度的影响,并引入3个用于评价室内空气环境的指标来描述街谷中人员区域内的空气质量.结果表明,平均残留时间(ART)和有效通风率(PFR)可用于评价不对称街谷内的空气质量.街谷的不对称性对街谷内部和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度分布均有明显影响.下游建筑越低,则尾流区的浓度越高.行列式和错列式街谷中人员活动空间的无量纲平均浓度分别在建筑高度比例为7/3和7/2时最大.为在城市规划中尽可能避免出现最不利比例的街谷,根据平均残留时间和有效通风率等指标,给出了上下游建筑高度比与最不利街谷改善率的关系.     

上游阻挡建筑间距对街谷内空气环境的影响

城市中的大部分街谷都存在上游阻挡建筑.为考察阻挡建筑对街谷内空气环境的影响,通过数值计算方法研究分析了上游阻挡建筑对街谷内空气品质的影响作用,结果表明,在常规建筑间距范围内,街谷湍流强度、平均风速和风速波动范围均随着上游阻挡建筑间距增大而减小,这将导致当上游阻挡建筑与街谷建筑间距从15m增加到60m时,街谷空间污染物平均浓度增大36%,近地空间增大41%.因此,实际设计中街谷上游阻挡建筑与临街建筑间的距离不应过大.     

动态风场及交通流量下街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟

根据现场实测数据,应用标准k-ε模型研究了动态风场及交通流量下三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散规律,数值模拟利用CFD软件FLUENT,其中动态风场和车流量变化信息通过用户自定义编程实现.结果发现,动态风场下空气在街道内部不断经历膨胀和压缩的过程,街道峡谷内部流场形态时刻都在变化;当风速由大变小时,空气膨胀出街谷,流型呈近似椭圆形分布;当风速由小变大时,空气压缩在街谷内部,流型呈近似圆形分布.风速的不断变化引起街谷内、外大气的压缩和膨胀过程,这种过程能够改善街谷内污染物的扩散情况.背风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低17.7%;迎风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低27.1%.动态环境下污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场和车流量变化共同决定.     

Numerical study of the effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up areas

The effects of different Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL) structures on pollutant dispersion processes within two idealized street canyon configurations and a realistic urban area were numerically examined by a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) model. The boundary conditions of different PBL structures/conditions were provided by simulations of the Weather Researching and Forecasting model. The simulated results of the idealized 2D and 3D street canyon experiments showed that the increment of PBL instability favored the downward transport of momentum from the upper flow above the roof to the pedestrian level within the street canyon. As a result, the flow and turbulent fields within the street canyon under the more unstable PBL condition are stronger. Therefore, more pollutants within the street canyon would be removed by the stronger advection and turbulent diffusion processes under the unstable PBL condition. On the contrary, more pollutants would be concentrated in the street canyon under the stable PBL condition. In addition, the simulations of the realistic building cluster experiments showed that the density of buildings was a crucial factor determining the dynamic effects of the PBL structure on the flow patterns. The momentum field within a denser building configuration was mostly transported from the upper flow, and was more sensitive to the PBL structures than that of the sparser building configuration. Finally, it was recommended to use the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino(MYNN) PBL scheme, which can explicitly output the needed turbulent variables, to provide the boundary conditions to the CFD simulation.     

Numerical study of the effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up areas

The effects of different Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) structures on pollutant dispersion processes within two idealized street canyon configurations and a realistic urban area were numerically examined by a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The boundary conditions of different PBL structures/conditions were provided by simulations of the Weather Researching and Forecasting model. The simulated results of the idealized 2D and 3D street canyon experiments showed that the increment of PBL instability favored the downward transport of momentum from the upper flow above the roof to the pedestrian level within the street canyon. As a result, the flow and turbulent fields within the street canyon under the more unstable PBL condition are stronger. Therefore, more pollutants within the street canyon would be removed by the stronger advection and turbulent diffusion processes under the unstable PBL condition. On the contrary, more pollutants would be concentrated in the street canyon under the stable PBL condition. In addition, the simulations of the realistic building cluster experiments showed that the density of buildings was a crucial factor determining the dynamic effects of the PBL structure on the flow patterns. The momentum field within a denser building configuration was mostly transported from the upper flow, and was more sensitive to the PBL structures than that of the sparser building configuration. Finally, it was recommended to use the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) PBL scheme, which can explicitly output the needed turbulent variables, to provide the boundary conditions to the CFD simulation.     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。     

街道峡谷内不同车道污染物扩散的数值模拟

为掌握不同位置车道污染物的扩散规律,提出降低街道峡谷内居民与行人交通源暴露水平的可能途径,采用二维k-ε两方程模型和组分输运方程对典型结构双车道街谷内的流场与不同车道污染物的扩散进行模拟,模拟结果与风洞试验结果相符合. 研究发现:迎风车道的污染物更易于向街道峡谷外部扩散;不同位置车道的污染物均在背风侧堆积,可使两侧人行道暴露水平相差5倍. 街道峡谷底部污染物分布对车道位置较敏感,车道位置向街道峡谷中部靠拢,将使得背风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度明显降低;迎风侧污染物浓度对车道位置不敏感,但当车道位置处于迎风侧次级旋涡内时,将导致迎风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度近乎成倍增长. 将车道位于街道峡谷中部,优先采用道路两侧绿化,是增加行人舒适度和减少行人交通源暴露水平,并改善大楼低层住宅及底部出入口、临街商铺等人群活动区空气质量的可行途径之一.      

上游建筑对街道峡谷内流场和污染物分布特征的影响

利用数值模拟方法研究了不同的上游阻挡建筑布局下,行列式和错列式街谷内气流速度和污染物浓度场特征.结果指出,阻挡建筑的存在改变了街谷内的二次流,从而对流场和浓度场均有明显影响.在行列式街谷中,无论上游建筑以何种布局存在,都会减小街谷内污染物浓度.若不考虑上游建筑的存在,将会过高估计行列式街谷内污染程度;在错列式街谷中,与街谷建筑并列的上游阻挡建筑会减小街谷内污染物浓度,而与街谷建筑错列布置的阻挡建筑会增大街谷内污染物浓度;数值模拟结果还表明,街谷内污染物的扩散和清除效果受气流速度和涡流特性的共同作用.     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.