淹水对互花米草光合色素含量及快速光响应曲线的影响

以实验室栽培的互花米草为研究对象,室内模拟研究0、10和20 cm淹水水位下2、4、6、12和24 h/d淹水胁迫对互花米草叶绿素含量及快速光响应曲线变化影响.结果显示:(1)0 cm淹水处理下,淹水时间越长有利于提高互花米草叶片叶绿素含量,而在10 cm和20 cm淹水处理下,4 h/d和6 h/d淹水处理叶绿素含量...     

癸二烯醛对3种常见浮游植物光合色素的影响

本研究选取东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）、并基角毛藻（Chaetoceros decipiens）和小普林藻（Prymnesium parvum）等3种常见海洋浮游藻类为材料,将处于指数生长期的藻细胞置于不同浓度的癸二烯醛（2E,4E-Decadienal,DEC）中,癸二烯醛是一种毒性较强的常见多不饱和醛,观察癸二烯醛对藻类光合色素种类及含量的影响。利用高效液相色谱技术检测到东海原甲藻含有5种光合色素,并基角毛藻含有8种光合色素,小普林藻含有9种光合色素,3种藻类的共有色素有4种。经浓度为1 mg/L癸二烯醛处理后,3种藻类的光合色素浓度无显著变化。癸二烯醛浓度为3 mg/L时,对东海原甲藻光合色素浓度产生显著的抑制作用,其所有色素浓度在第一天内几乎都未检测到;而并基角毛藻的硅甲藻黄素和硅藻黄素浓度均在第一天显著增加,其他色素浓度则无显著变化;小普林藻的硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素、岩藻黄素的浓度在实验的不同时间有不同程度下降,其余色素不受该浓度的癸二烯醛影响。当癸二烯醛浓度达到5 mg/L时,并基角毛藻中除玉米黄素外的其他7种光合色素浓度显著下降;小普林藻中除玉米黄素外的多种色素浓度受到显著影响。     

Electrolyte effects on aqueous atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide

The rate of oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various supporting electrolytes has been determined by the stopped flow method. In a sodium perchlorate medium (chosen as reference electrolyte) first-order kinetics were observed with respect to HSO₃⁻, H₂O₂ and H⁺. The influence of the ionic strength was investigated and the third-order rate constant was calculated at infinite dilution. The rate constants of the reaction are shown to be far higher when chloride or ammonium ions are added to the solution.The effect of temperature and traces of metals ions (Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺) was studied. The oxidation reaction is virtually insensitive to the effects of Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺. Catalytic activity is observed with Fe²⁺.     

不同水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤砷的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了淹水灌溉(F)、灌浆期前湿润灌溉(A-F)、灌浆期后湿润灌溉(F-A)、淹水与湿润交替(AFA)这4种水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤As的影响.结果表明,同F处理比较,A-F处理能显著降低水稻根和茎叶As含量,F-A和AFA处理都能显著降低水稻茎叶、谷壳、糙米As含量和糙米无机As含量.A-F、F-A、AFA处理对水稻生物量影响都不大,仅AFA处理减少了水稻根系生物量.F-A和AFA处理降低糙米As含量的机理是:灌浆期是水稻糙米吸收土壤As的关键时期,此时的湿润灌溉提高了土壤E h,土壤溶液As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)浓度之和、As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的比例都显著降低,从而使土壤As的迁移能力得到抑制.F-A处理降低水稻糙米总As和无机As含量的效果与AFA处理无显著差异,但F-A处理的操作更简单,因此,F-A处理应当是污染土壤中控制水稻糙米累积As的最佳水分管理模式.     

A comparison of the corrosive action on Pentelic marble of nitrates and sulphates with the action of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide

A comparison of the action on Pentelic marble of nitrates and sulphates with that of NO_x and SO₂ was achieved by passing the polluted ambient air through a filter pack before it entered the reactor chamber holding the marble grains. As a consequence the air reaching the marble was free of nitrates and sulphates, while it contained all the NO_x and SO₂. The effects on the marble grains were quantified and compared with those from a reactor through which unfiltered ambient air was passed simultaneously and under the same conditions. It was found that the action of the acids was much greater than that of the oxides, despite the fact that the concentrations of the latter were much greater.     

悬浮泥沙对蓝藻光合及细胞化学计量的影响

选取水华微囊藻Microcystis flos-aquae为实验材料,在含不同浓度的悬浮泥沙中培养,测定其光合特性和胞内营养元素含量.结果显示,除低浓度悬浮泥沙组外,水华微囊藻比生长速率和chla浓度均低于对照组,且随着时间的延长,含泥沙组水华微囊藻的光合活性F_v/F_m显著下降.水华微囊藻的最大放氧速率P_m和光饱和点I_k随着泥沙浓度的增加而减小,而暗呼吸速率R_d和光抑制作用β显著升高.此外,随着泥沙浓度的升高,水华微囊藻单位细胞C和P含量显著降低,而单位细胞N含量略微升高;由于胞内P含量变化较大,导致N/P比和C/P比显著升高,而C/chla比值随泥沙浓度的增加呈下降的趋势.由此可见,悬浮泥沙虽然因光衰减效应减少了水华微囊藻胞内C含量以及能量供给,但微囊藻通过调节自身生理机能和代谢策略,优先补给C和提高N的合成,节约P合成的能量,通过调节胞内C：N：P储存的优化分配,以适应含悬浮泥沙的外界环境维持生长.     

城市大气环境下绿化植物叶片比叶重和光合色素含量

研究了大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)和小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui Carr.)在不同大气环境条件下叶片中Pb、Cd、叶绿素a (Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)的含量及比叶重(LMA),分析了因素之间的相互关系.不同环境条件下叶片中Pb、Cd、Chl a、Chl b、Chl (a+b)、Car的含量及LMA具有显著差异.随污染程度的加剧,叶片中Pb、Cd的含量、LMA和Chl a/Chl b升高,而Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)含量则呈现相反的变化趋势.大叶女贞叶片中Car含量变化不明显,而小叶女贞叶片中Car含量在污染严重的采样点明显较其他采样点高.2种植物叶片中Pb、Cd的含量对叶片LMA和光合色素含量均具有明显影响,Chl a、Chl b及Chl (a+b)含量与叶片中Pb、Cd的含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05).叶片中Cd含量的增大导致Car含量增大,而Pb的作用与物种有关.叶片中Pb含量的增大导致2物种LMA增大,而Cd含量导致大叶女贞LMA增大而小叶女贞LMA变化不明显.污染胁迫下植物叶片会增大LMA、Chl a/Chl b,减小Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)含量,据此可对大气污染进行生物监测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide and its acid mist on reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis plants

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one of the most common and harmful air pollutants. To analyze the response of plants to NO₂ stress, we investigated the morphological change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) exposed to 1.7, 4, 8.5, and 18.8 mg/m³ NO₂. The results indicate that NO₂ exposure affected plant growth and chlorophyll (Chl) content, and increased oxygen free radical (O₂⁻) production rate in Arabidopsis shoots. Furthermore, NO₂ elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, accompanied by the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities and change of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents. Following this, we mimicked nitric acid mist under experimental conditions, and confirmed the antioxidant mechanism of the plant to the stress. Our results imply that NO₂ and its acid mist caused pollution risk to plant systems. During the process, increased ROS acted as a signal to induce a defense response, and antioxidant status played an important role in plant protection against NO₂/nitric acid mist-caused oxidative damage.     

基于光合色素的海南八门湾及其毗邻水域浮游植物生物量及类群组成研究

根据2010年4月（春季）、2011年8月（夏季）在海南八门湾及其毗邻水域的采样调查,采用CHEMTAX化学分类法对该区域的表层水的浮游植物生物量以及类群进行了研究。初步的研究结果表明:春季,生物量由湾内向外海增大,最高值出现在文昌河入八门湾处,金藻、硅藻为主要优势类群。生物量与溶解无机氮（DIN）、SiO₃2-、PO₄3-正相关,与盐度负相关,浮游植物与营养盐比值（N:P,Si:N）相关性不明显,硅藻与P显著正相关。夏季,生物量空间分布差异较小,最高值出现在文教河,蓝藻、金藻、硅藻为优势类群。浮游植物生物量及群落结构特征与营养盐含量和比值之间存在相关性。生物量与SiO₃2-正相关,与盐度负相关,绿藻与N:P比呈正相关关系,绿藻还同时与N正相关,硅藻与Si:N比正相关。     

南方典型地区油-稻轮作下大气硫沉降动态

1998年11月～1999年10月间,利用中国科学院红壤站(江西鹰潭)农田小气候分站进行了全年逐时气象资料收集,通过阻力模式求算SO₂和SO₄^2-的干沉降速度,结合大气中SO₂、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)粒子和雨水的收集和测定,定量研究了大气沉降向农田生态系统的硫输入.结果表明,12个月大气硫沉降总量为94.9 kg S/hm2,其中大气中硫干沉降量(SO₂+SO₄^2-粒子干沉降)占81.9%.大气中SO₂干沉降是大气干沉降的主要贡献者,占大气硫干沉降总量93%.并对不同季节及不同的作物生长期间硫的沉降动态进行了分析、比较.     

中国二氧化硫污染治理分析:基于卫星观测数据和空间计量模型的实证

中国经济的快速增长伴随着严重的环境污染问题,已经成为阻碍中国实现可持续发展的桎梏.为了客观地反映中国的SO2污染状况,本文利用中国2005-2017年的卫星观测SO2柱浓度数据来表征SO2污染状况.首先,采用探索性空间数据分析方法进行SO2污染的时空演变分析;然后,基于环境库兹涅茨曲线框架纳入社会经济驱动因素及环境规制...     

Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and artemisinin in hydroponically grown Artemisia annua

The effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 100 μmol/L) on hydroponically grown Artemisia annua L. were investigated. Cd treatments applied for 0, 4, 12, 24, 72, 144, 216, and 336 hr were assessed by measuring the changes in photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), while the artemisinin content was tested after 0, 12, 144, 216, and 336 hr. A significant decrease was observed in photosynthetic pigment levels over time with increasing Cd concentration. Chlorophyll b levels were more affected by Cd than were chlorophyll a or carotenoid levels. The cell membrane was sensitive to Cd stress, as MDA content in all treatment groups showed insignificant differences from the control group, except at 12 hr treatment time. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content changed slightly over time, while glutathione (GSH) content took less time to reach a maximum as Cd concentration increased. Cd was found to promote synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin, especially at concentrations of 20 and 100 μmol/L. In conclusion, Cd stress can damage to photosynthetic pigments, and vigorously growing A. annua showed a strong tolerance for Cd stress. Appropriate amounts of added Cd aided synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin.     

无机砷和甲基砷在水稻体内吸收运移的比较研究

由于含甲基砷的农药残留或土壤中微生物的砷甲基化作用,除了无机砷,水稻籽粒中也可以检测到相当含量的不同形态的甲基砷.通过水培试验研究了不同形态砷在水稻幼苗中的吸收、转运、转化和外排.结果表明,水稻中各形态砷的含量排序为:亚砷酸盐(As(Ⅲ))>单甲基砷盐(MMA(Ⅴ))>砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))>二甲基砷盐(DMA(Ⅴ)),但从地下部向地上部的转运系数排序为:DMA(Ⅴ)>As(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>MMA(Ⅴ).实验中未发现水稻体内无机砷向甲基砷的转化,甲基砷向无机砷的转化比例也较低,但观察到MMA(Ⅴ)部分被还原为MMA(Ⅲ).相比其地上部和地下部的吸收量,DMA(Ⅴ)在水稻中通过木质部(向上)和韧皮部(向下)的转运比例在4种形态砷中最高.甲基砷(MMA(Ⅴ)和DMA(Ⅴ))通过根系外排的速率和比例明显的高于无机砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)).实验结果表明,不同形态砷的累积与其在水稻体内的吸收、运移及砷的根系外排密切相关.     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...     

Growth and foliar injury responses of maize,soybean and tomato seedlings exposed to mixtures of ozone and sulphur dioxide

A full factorial experiment in controlled-environment chambers with three levels of ozone (O₃) (0, 0.08 and 0.15 μl l⁻¹) and four levels of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) (0, 0.03, 0.12 and 0.30 μl l⁻¹ for 6 h per day for 7 days) was used to obtain dose-response relationships for growth and foliar injury. Non-destructive covariate measurements were used to increase precision. All maize (Zea mays L., cv. Golden Jubilee) response variables had significant interactive effects between the pollutants. Soybean (Glycine max L., cv. Maple Arrow) leaf and stem dry weights had significant interactive effects between the pollutants. For tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. New Yorker), leaf dry- and fresh-weights and visible injury had significant interactive effects between the pollutants. In all species, some growth variables were stimulated by the intermediate levels of single and/or combined pollutant treatments. In contrast, visible foliar injury increased with each concentration increment of single or mixed gases. A supplementary experiment involving two levels of O₃ and two levels of SO₂ indicated that dry matter allocation to roots and shoots varied with treatment and species.     

两种生物炭对稻米中砷累积的影响研究

为探究土壤添加低剂量生物炭对稻米中砷累积的影响及作用机理,使用矿区砷污染土壤添加小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭进行盆栽和模拟试验.盆栽试验结果表明:添加质量分数为0.5％的低剂量小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭,可以降低稻米(糙米)砷浓度(约10％),作用有限.糙米中砷浓度的降低主要是由于其生物量增加所致.模拟试验结果表明:添加质量分数为1％?—?5％的高剂量生物炭可以显著促进土壤中砷释放,相比对照组,生物炭添加组土壤溶液中砷浓度增加了69％?—?243％,推测其可能是生物炭促进了微生物作用下铁氧化物的还原,进而导致砷释放.研究表明:土壤中施加低剂量小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭对减少水稻砷累积作用可能有限,而高剂量可能增加水稻砷污染健康风险.     

以绿化三维量分析植物群降解SO2的宏观效应

控制和降低城市上空ＳＯ２的环境浓度对于改善城市环境，促进城市生态的良性循环具有十分重要的意义。本文从上海市绿化三维量分布模型、与ＳＯ２浓度分布模型的相关分析入手，以季节变化作为对比因子，讨论了城市绿化植物群的数量及分布对城市上空ＳＯ２浓度分布的宏观影响；并据此提出了可有效地控制城市上空ＳＯ２浓度的绿地建设的基本原则。     

进水中碳水化合物分子大小对污泥沉降性能的影响

为弄清楚碳水化合物分子大小和污泥沉降性能之间的影响关系,在3个序批式系统中,分别以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源,考察了长期运行中系统的污泥沉降性能和处理能力.结果证明:碳水化合物分子越小,活性污泥对环境的变化越敏感,当运行条件不利时越容易引发污泥膨胀问题;大分子碳源吸附于絮体内部能够提高污泥的沉降性能;糖类作碳源时,活性污泥的PHA贮存量约为0.6mmol C/L,但系统SVI仍然能够维持在150mL/g以下;胞外聚合物中多糖与蛋白质(C/P)的比值与污泥的SVI呈正相关性,SVI从100mL/g增长到600mL/g,C/P比从0.248增长到1.201;以颗粒型淀粉、溶解型淀粉和葡萄糖为碳源时,系统的优势丝状菌分别为Type 0041、M. parvicella和S. natans;进水以葡萄糖作单一碳源时,系统的除磷能力能达到80%以上.     

谷壳灰对稻田土壤镉、砷生物有效性及糙米镉、砷累积的影响

为研究富硅材料谷壳灰（HA）对稻田土壤Cd、As生物有效性及糙米中Cd、As累积的影响,以稻壳为原料制备中性HA（总硅量6.26×10⁵ mg·kg^-1）,开展水稻盆栽试验.HA按质量比设置4个添加水平（0、0.5%、1%、2%）,种植3种水稻（黄华占、湘晚籼13、隆优4945）.研究结果表明：①在土壤Cd总量为2.30 mg·kg^-1、As总量为90.45 mg·kg^-1的复合污染土壤中,HA施用后,与对照相比,土壤Cd的TCLP提取态、CaCl₂提取态及酸可提取态含量呈现不同程度的降低,分别降低了7.8%~18.7%、7.4%~18.7%、0.9%~16.7%;土壤As的交换态和TCLP提取态含量也有降低,分别降低了6.1%~47.1%、4.3%~26.7%.②HA施用可促进土壤中酸可提取态Cd向难溶态Cd的转变,水稻湘晚籼13、隆优4945根际土壤残渣态Cd含量分别增大9.8%~23.5%、5.9%~28.1%;土壤中As主要以残渣态存在,HA的施用对土壤专性吸附As含量有增大效应.③HA施用能够降低糙米中Cd和无机As含量,施用0.5%~2% HA能使水稻隆优4945和湘晚籼13糙米Cd含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下,施用2% HA能使黄华占糙米无机As含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下.施用HA能够有效降低土壤Cd、As生物有效性和糙米Cd、As含量,同时增大土壤有效Si含量,有利于提高土壤质量.