Abundance patterns and foraging activity of ant communities in abandoned,organic and commercial apple orchards in Northern California

The abundance patterns of ant communities were monitored with pitfall traps during 14 weeks in four northern California, dry farmed, apple orchards: an abandoned orchard undisturbed for 25 years, two ‘organically’ managed orchards, one with a cover crop of bell beans (Vicia faba) and grasses and the other kept clean of cover by discing, and a ‘commercial’ clean cultivated orchard sprayed with organophosphate insecticides. Six species of ants coexisted in the abandoned orchard, whereas only two species were found in the managed orchards. In both the organic and sprayed, clean cultivated systems, ants were more abundant in the orchard edges than in the vegetation-free centers. This trend was not apparent in the abandoned or organic cover orchards, where plant diversity in the center was similar to that of the edges. Ant predation on potato tuberworm larvae, Phthorimaea operculella, artificially placed on the orchard floor, declined with the intensity of management and vegetational simplication. A higher incidence of larval removal occurred in the edges than in the centers of the clean cultivated orchards. No noticeable populations of ants were detected on the trees in any of the orchards. Increased vegetational diversity and lack of disturbance appeared to affect ant locomotory activity and foraging efficiency by creating preferred sheltering and feeding sites.     

Responses of benthic insect communities to effluent from the abandoned Ferris-Haggarty copper mine in southeast Wyoming, USA

This study provided information about the benthic insect communities that are present in the impacted reaches of Haggarty Creek.     

深圳湾及邻近水域中的溶解有机氮——其时空分布、来源和生物利用率

依据2000～2014年每月的监测资料,分析了深圳湾及邻近沿岸水域中溶解有机氮（DON）质量浓度的时空分布,并结合盐度、5d生物需氧量和颗粒有机物实测数据探讨DON的来源和生物利用率.结果表明,深圳湾中DON质量浓度为（0.45±0.45）mg/L,夏、冬季较高,春、秋季较低,在2000～2004年呈上升趋势,而在2005～2014年呈下降趋势;珠江口东南沿岸中DON质量浓度为（0.16±0.08）mg/L,季节变化小,研究期间总体上略呈上升趋势.深圳湾和珠江口东南沿岸中DON均呈现出保守并具有同源性.依二元混合质量平衡模式估算的深圳湾中DON陆源质量分数约为80%,而珠江口东南沿岸中约为38%,显示深圳湾DON主要来自陆源,而珠江口东南沿岸主要来自海源.依实测数据和回归分析结果估算的深圳湾中平均DON生物利用率为14.8%,而珠江口东南沿岸中为15.5%,与珠江口下段高盐区中实测溶解有机碳生物利用率相近.     

施用有机物料对污染土壤水溶性有机物和铜活性的动态影响

采用黑麦草盆栽研究施用绿肥、污泥和猪粪后，对Cu污染土壤水溶性有机物(DOM)和土壤Cu环境行为动态的影响．施用有机物料后土壤DOM含量比对照增加0.4—7.5倍，尤以绿肥和猪粪最明显．但随时间延长DOM降解明显，尤其在第一周内．污染土壤中水溶性Cu浓度随DOM的降解而相应减少研究发现，施用污泥有利于降低污染土壤中水溶性Cu浓度和黑麦草对Cu的吸收量，这是污泥固相有机质对Cu吸持使其活性降低和污泥DOM使Cu活性提高二者综合作用的结果．与此相反，施用绿肥和猪粪后，黑麦草体内的Cu含量却明显提高，其中潮土上提高1．4～2．1倍，红壤上提高1．4-1．6倍．因此．施用有机物料改良重金属污染地需格外谨慎。     

秋季牟平海洋牧场及其邻近海域沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量

本研究于2017年11月在牟平海洋牧场及其邻近海域采集表层沉积物样品,通过实验室模拟培养法估算了该季节沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,并研究了溶解氧与温度对交换通量的影响。结果表明,目标海域沉积物水界面NO₂-N、NO₃-N、NH₄-N、PO₄-P的交换通量平均值分别为1.01、-181.91、-268.41、-45.69 μmol/（m2·d）,沉积物表现为NO₂-N的"源",NO₃-N、NH₄-N、PO₄-P的"汇"。溶解氧及温度均对交换通量有较大影响,富氧条件下NO₂-N、NH₄-N、PO₄-P交换通量大于贫氧条件,NO₃-N反之;温度升高,NO₂-N、NO₃-N、NH₄-N的交换通量增大,PO₄-P反之。     

Breeding birds in short-rotation coppices on farmland in central Sweden—the importance of Salix height and adjacent habitats

Plantations of short-rotation coppice (SRC) have a potential for being a useful measure to stop the ongoing impoverishment of farmland biodiversity by increasing structural diversity, and decreasing cultivation intensity and use of pesticides in intensively managed farmland landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of the structure of the plantation and composition of adjacent habitats for breeding birds in 41 SRCs (meansize±S.E.=9.4±1.6 ha). Mean number of species per ha in the SRCs was 2.8±0.3 species and there were more farmland birds (32 species, 808 territories) than forest birds (22 species, 400 territories). A major result of the present study was the strong influence of adjacent habitats on bird community composition (18 of 22 analysed species affected). There were large differences in bird communities between forest-bordered and open-bordered sites, but occurrence of residual habitats (i.e. other habitats than forest, pastures, shrub areas and arable fields) was also associated with occurrence of several species. The second factor of major importance for the bird fauna was the height of the plantations. Most species (14) were associated with tall plantations (>2 m), seven species were associated with plantations of intermediate (1–2 m) height, and six species were associated with plantations of low height (<1 m). A comparison of ecological traits between species classified as preferring SRC and species classified as avoiding SRC suggests that nest height was the only ecological character associated with a preference for Salix habitats, i.e. species with nests on the ground or in shrubs were more abundant in Salix habitats than in farmland landscapes in general. However, a broad spectrum of species was found in the SRCs and many of these seemed to be dependent on habitat features outside the plantations. Planting of Salix in intensively managed farmland plains will have positive effects on bird diversity by increasing the structural diversity of the landscape. In contrast, plantations on infields in forest-dominated landscapes will have negative effects, since the mosaic structure (i.e. mixture of open and forested habitats) positive for most farmland birds will disappear, and Salix plantations favour relatively few forest species. Additionally, Salix could be planted along sharp edges between coniferous plantations and open farmland in order to increase the complexity of the ecotone in intensively managed forest-farmland landscapes.     

黄河口及邻近海域溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的分布研究

于2003年8月下旬对黄河口及邻近海域进行了十船连续同步27h采样调查,分析了调查区域的溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的平面分布、断面分布、时间分布特征.结果表明,在调查区域内,溶解态无机磷浓度很低,而溶解态有机磷浓度较高(占溶解态总磷的85%以上),是溶解态总磷的主要组成部分.各形态磷的平面分布、断面分布均呈现出由河口向邻近海域降低的趋势,溶解态总磷、溶解态有机磷梯度变化较溶解态无机磷更为明显;潮汐对河口浅水区的各形态磷浓度影响较大,对邻近调查海域的影响不明显.     

中国对虾养殖系统中无机和各形态有机N、P浓度及其变化

对中国对虾养殖系统中无机和各形态有机态N、P浓度的周日及连续7 d的动态观测,结果表明:周日变化中,NO3-N在上午5:00观测到浓度最大值;而NO2-N、NH3-N和PO4-P在下午5:00观测到最低值,次日上午5:00出现最高值,养殖体系内有机态N、P的浓度小于无机态,且有较小的变异系数。连续7 d观测结果显示DON和DIN分别约占DTN组成的44%和56%,其中NH3-N占DIN的67%,是DIN的主要组成部分;CON仅占总DON的22.5%,但相较DON和UOC有较大的变异系数;胶体态有机物质具有最高的C/N值,表明胶体有机部分中的N含量较为匮乏,而低分子有机物质中的N含量较为丰富。     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及其控制因素

对2003年6月采集的长江口及邻近海域的24个表层沉积物样品进行分析,分别得到C、N、P三种营养元素的三种形态的含量,并由此得到不同形态营养元素的平面分布及其在总量中所占的份额,即IC、IP为C、P的优势形态,而ON为N的优势形态。在此基础上,进一步分析了影响不同营养元素分布的因素,得出上覆水体的温度、沉积物粒度以及水动力条件等对沉积物中营养元素的分布具有重要影响。     

Phylogenetic analysis and arsenate reduction effect of the arsenic-reducing bacteria enriched from contaminated soils at an abandoned smelter site

Microbial reduction of As(V)(i.e.,arsenate)plays an important role in arsenic(As)mobilization in aqueous environment.In this study,we investigated As(V)reduction characteristics of the bacteria enriched from the arsenic-contaminated soil at an abandoned smelter site.It was found that As(V)was completely reduced to As(III)(i.e.,arsenite)in 21 h.After 3-d incubation,a yellow solid was precipitated and the concentration of As(III)decreased sharply.After 150 h incubation,ca.65%of soluble arsenic was removed fro...     

2000~2011年深圳湾及邻近水域颗粒有机物的来源和时空分布

依据2000~2011年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近水域中颗粒有机物(POM)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合盐度和叶绿素a (Chl a)实测数据探讨POM的来源和滞留时间.结果表明深圳湾的POM质量浓度和陆源质量分数分别约为4.2mg/L,79%,而伶仃洋东部沿岸的分别约为1.9mg/L,42%.深圳湾和伶仃洋东部沿岸中现存浮游植物颗粒有机物(PPOM):Chl a比率分别约为92,54g/g,由此估算的PPOM质量浓度分别为0.8,0.2mg/L左右.依据浮游植物生产力和累计海源POM估算的POM滞留时间在深圳湾中为1~5d,而在伶仃洋东部沿岸中约为10d.研究期间伶仃洋东部沿岸POM质量浓度的年际变化略呈上升趋势,从1.7mg/L上升至2.0mg/L;深圳湾POM质量浓度在2000~2005年呈上升趋势,从3.0mg/L上升至5.5mg/L,在2006~2011年则呈下降趋势,从5.4mg/L下降至3.0mg/L.     

Phylogenetic analysis and arsenate reduction e ect of the arsenic-reducing bacteria enriched from contaminated soils at an abandoned smelter site

Microbial reduction of As(V) (i.e., arsenate) plays an important role in arsenic (As) mobilization in aqueous environment. In this study, we investigated As(Ⅴ) reduction characteristics of the bacteria enriched from the arsenic-contaminated soil at an abandoned smelter site. It was found that As(Ⅴ) was completely reduced to As(Ⅲ) (i.e., arsenite) in 21 h. After 3-d incubation, a yellow solid was precipitated and the concentration of As(Ⅲ) decreased sharply. After 150 h incubation, ca. 65% of soluble arsenic was removed from the solution. The analysis of the precipitate by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the main component was crystalline arsenic sulfide (ASS). Microbial mediated reduction and mobilization of adsorbed As(Ⅴ) on ferric hydroxide was also examined. In the microcosm slurry experiment, ca. 53% of the adsorbed As(V) was reduced to As(Ⅲ) by the bacteria, which resulted in an appreciable release of arsenic into aqueous phase. The released arsenic was present predominantly as As(Ⅲ). The microbial diversity was analyzed by 16S rDNA-dependent molecular phylogeny. A near-full-length 16S rDNA gene clone library was constructed. The 197 clones were analyzed using RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and 72 OTUs were obtained, which contributed 51% of the content for total clone number in six OTUs. Six bacterial clones in these six OTUs were selected for sequencing and the sequenced clones were found to belong to the group Caloramator, Clostridium, and Bacillus.     

长江口及其邻近海域颗粒态氨基酸的分布以及对有机质降解和来源的指示

本研究于2018年3月采集长江口及其邻近海域50个站位样品,对颗粒态氨基酸（PAA）的分布与组成进行了分析。结果表明:PAA的平均浓度为（1.86 ± 1.02）μmol/L（0.76～5.55 μmol/L）,其主要组分为天门冬氨酸（Asp）、谷氨酸（Gly）、丝氨酸（Ser）、丙氨酸（Ala）和甘氨酸（Glu）。颗粒有机碳（POC）和颗粒氮（PN）的平均浓度分别为（74.21 ± 37.70）μmol/L（18.06～238.66 μmol/L）和（7.52 ± 3.46）μmol/L（2.27～19.86 μmol/L）。PAA、POC与PN具有相似的分布特征,长江口内浓度低于近岸浓度,近岸浓度高于远岸浓度,垂直分布上较为均匀。研究海域中的C/N由近岸向远海逐渐降低,表明陆源输入有机质的影响逐渐降低。基于氨基酸的衍生参数Asp/Gly和Ser + Thr（苏氨酸）[mol%]表明该海域颗粒物中有机质主要源于硅质碳源,与硅藻在该海域中相对较高的生物量有关。碳、氮归一化产率[PAA-C（N）%]以及降解因子（DI）所指示的降解趋势并不完全一致,这或许与PAA-C（N）%和DI适用于不同降解阶段以及氨基酸来源与转化的多样性有关。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中磷吸附/解吸平衡特征的季节性变化

室内模拟研究了太湖梅梁湾4个季节沉积物在低磷湖水中的吸附/解吸特征,推测沉积物在各季节的"源"、"汇"转化过程,找出沉积物"源"、"汇"转化过程中最活跃的磷形态;同时通过对冬季沉积物进行不同温度的吸附/解吸热力学实验,探讨了温度对沉积物吸附/解吸磷过程的影响.研究结果表明:梅梁湾4个季节沉积物总磷及各组分磷含量大小关系为春＜夏＜冬＜秋;夏季和秋季沉积物以释放为主,春季和冬季则以吸附为主;铁/铝磷是沉积物"源"、"汇"转化过程中较活跃的磷组分;沉积物对磷的吸附效率和平衡吸附量为春季最小,秋季最大;温度和沉积物磷含量对DIP吸附/解吸平衡浓度都有影响,吸附/解吸平衡浓度随温度的升高而增加,随沉积物磷含量的增加而减小.     

小叶章湿地表土水溶性有机碳季节动态变化及影响因素分析

湿地土壤及水体中水溶性有机碳(DOC)的产生、迁移与转化对湿地土壤碳通量具有重要的影响.然而,目前对沼泽湿地土壤DOC动态变化及影响因素的研究报道还比较少.对小叶章湿地表土DOC季节动态变化及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,生长季内,表土DOC含量为373·9~443·7mg·kg-1,平均值为414·6mg·kg-1,变异系数为7·7%(P<0·0001).小叶章湿地表土DOC含量有明显的季节性动态变化.5月份表土DOC含量较高,6~7月份DOC含量下降,7月份达到最小值373·9mg·kg-1;8~9月份表土DOC含量迅速增加,9月份达到最大值443·7mg·kg-1.表土DOC特定波长吸收值也有明显的季节变化.随着时间的增长,280nm波长吸收值(A280值)迅速增加,8~9月份达到最大值.A250/A365比值则明显的下降,9月份达到最小值,说明DOC结构也有明显的季节性动态变化.近期生物过程,如微生物代谢产物和消耗有机碳数量、植物光合产物(立枯物、根系分泌物)对DOC含量和组成结构季节动态有很重要的影响,而土壤中长期积累的有机质对其季节变化贡献很小.另外,温度和含水量通过影响的微生物活性间接影响DOC;降水的淋溶也对DOC动态有影响;冻融作用对春季DOC含量和组成结构有重要贡献.     

2016年冬末长江口及邻近海域海气CO2交换特征分析

基于2016年3月对长江口及邻近海域的调查,剖析该海域CO₂分压及相关参数的区域分布特征,估算其海-气界面CO₂的交换通量,并探讨了源/汇分布特征背后的物理机制。研究表明,调查区域海表pCO₂变化范围为321~575 μatm,整体呈现出近岸高、离岸低的分布趋势。至冬季末期,海表pCO₂分布主要受控于低温低盐高pCO₂的河口水与高温高盐低pCO₂的东海陆架水的水团混合影响,水体垂直混合作用对海表pCO₂影响不大。长江口及邻近海域冬季整体表现为大气CO₂的弱汇,通量值为-4.43±7.41 mmol/m2/d。从区域碳汇强度看来,近岸长江冲淡水区近乎与大气保持平衡,黄东海混合水区和台湾暖流区表现为大气CO₂的中/强汇,是冬季末期海洋吸收大气CO₂的主要贡献区域。     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]     

Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: Identification,abundance and seasonal variation

Organic aerosol samples collected systematically throughout a complete annual cycle at four urban sites in southern California are examined by high-resolution gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. More than 80 organic compounds are quantified and their seasonal ambient concentration patterns are discussed. Primary organic aerosol constituents are readily identified, revealing an annual pattern, with high winter and low summer concentrations. In contrast, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids of possible secondary origin show a reverse pattern, with high concentrations in late spring/early summer. Concentration patterns similar to the secondary dicarboxylic acids also are found for aromatic polycarboxylic acids, certain lower molecular weight n-alkanoic acids, a nonanal and other compounds. Molecular markers characteristic of woodsmoke are identified, and their concentrations change by season in close agreement with prior estimates of the seasonal use of wood as a fuel. This data set can be used to evaluate the predictions of mathematical models for the atmospheric transport and reaction of organic aerosol constituents defined at a molecular level.     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域生源有机硫化物的分布与影响因素研究

于2017年7—8月对中国长江口及其邻近海域表层及重要断面不同深度海水中二甲基硫(DMS)、二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)和二甲亚砜(DMSO)的浓度进行了测定,探讨了长江冲淡水对其分布的影响,并估算了DMS的海-气通量.结果表明,表层海水中DMS、溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)、颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)、溶解态DMSO(DMSOd)和颗粒态DMSO(DMSOp)的浓度平均值分别为(5.69±5.20)、(6.67±4.90)、(19.46±9.26)、(24.67±20.52)和(24.97±20.85) nmol·L~(-1).DMS和DMSP大体呈现出一致的分布规律,高值区出现在冲淡水与海水的混合区域,在长江口口门附近出现低值.相关性分析结果表明,DMSPp与DMSOp存在相关性,这可能与二者有相似的来源和细胞功能有关.DMSPd、DMSOd均与DMS存在相关性,这是因为DMSPd降解是表层海水中DMS的主要来源,而DMS的光氧化和微生物氧化可能是夏季表层海水中DMSOd的重要来源途径.沉积物间隙水中DMSPd浓度高于底层海水,表明沉积物释放也是底层DMSPd的一个来源.此外,夏季长江口及邻近海域DMS的海-气通量介于0.29～34.63μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)之间,平均值为(8.37±11.79)μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1).