YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用研究

目的研究YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用于飞机维护/维修的有效性。方法参照新版美军标MIL-DTL-85054D(AS)和波音公司标准BMS 3-35的要求及测试方法,对自主研发的YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂的理化性能和使用性能进行评价。结果 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂闪点在38℃以上,使用、运输和贮存安全;基本使用性能良好,干燥速度快,使用和去除方便;对飞机上常用金属材料具有良好的缓蚀作用,不会对金属材料造成腐蚀;具有极强的渗透能力和水置换能力,可以应用于飞机上缝隙结构,形成保护膜层;缓蚀性能良好,可以对飞机进行有效防护;耐高低温和耐紫外老化性能优异,飞机内外部均可使用。结论 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂满足飞机防腐的要求,可以应用于飞机维护/维修。     

RJ-1溶剂型飞机清洗剂应用研究

目的研究RJ-1溶剂型飞机清洗剂应用于飞机维护/维修的有效性。方法参照MIL-PRF-32295的要求及测试方法,对自主研发的RJ-1溶剂型飞机清洗剂的理化性能、使用性能、对飞机上金属材料的腐蚀性以及与非金属材料的相容性进行了评价。结果 RJ-1溶剂型飞机清洗剂闪点在60℃以上,使用、运输和贮存安全;清洗效率不低于90%,并且干燥时间短,无残留;对飞机上钢、铜、铝、镁等多种金属材料有良好缓蚀作用,不会导致金属产生腐蚀;与飞机表面涂层、有机玻璃、绝缘导线、橡胶、密封剂等非金属材料相容性良好。结论 RJ-1溶剂型飞机清洗剂满足飞机清洗的要求,可以应用于飞机维护/维修。     

飞机继电器腐蚀防护与控制要求

为解决飞机继电器因腐蚀而导致性能退化甚至失效的问题,从飞机继电器的设计、制造、检查和修理等方面提出腐蚀防护与控制要求.首先,针对继电器的使用环境、腐蚀特点,在继电器常见腐蚀失效模式基础上,提出了继电器腐蚀防护与控制的一般要求;其次,从材料选择、表面防护、密封设计、零件加工和装配工艺等方面提出腐蚀防护设计和制造要求;再次,按照检查准备、检查程序、检查标准、电气性能检查、腐蚀修理等步骤,研究制定了飞机继电器腐蚀检查与修理要求;最后,结合飞机日益严峻的腐蚀损伤现状,对继电器在使用过程中的腐蚀预防与控制方法进行了探索研究.     

电子设备缓蚀剂对电子设备防护的应用研究

目的 研究DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂用于电子设备防护的有效性.方法 参照MIL-PRF-81309G、MIL-L-87177A和Q/AVIC 03018中的试验方法,对自主研制的DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂的性能进行全面评价.结果 DZ-1电子设备缓蚀剂没有闪点,在运输、储藏及使用过程中非常安全,使用性能良好,很容易去除,能够去...     

飞机用缓蚀剂性能分析

目的延缓或抑制飞机结构腐蚀的发生。方法选择飞机维护中具有工程应用基础的5种不同类别(TFHS-15,LPS03316,Cor-Ban 35,Corrosion X Aviation,WD 40)的缓蚀剂,采用GM9540P加速腐蚀环境谱(包括盐雾、湿热和干燥等3个模块)对5种缓蚀剂的性能进行评价。结果喷涂TFHS-15试验件表面无气泡、剥落和变色,喷涂Cor-Ban 35的试验件表面无气泡和剥落,有轻微变色,这两种缓蚀剂的防护等级为10级;喷涂Corrosion X Aviation试验件表面少量剥落,防护等级为9级;喷涂LPS03316的试验件表面微量脱落和轻微变色,防护等级为8级;喷涂WD 40的试验件表面大量脱落和变色,防护等级为1级。结论经过加速腐蚀循环试验对试验件进行对比,TFHS-15和Cor-Ban 35两种缓蚀剂在飞机中使用时施工性能和防护性能最好。这两种缓蚀剂可以作为飞机腐蚀预防的有效手段,在军机中推广应用。     

缓蚀剂及其在飞机上的应用

飞机结构的腐蚀不但严重危害飞行安全,而且会造成巨大的经济损失。为了让缓蚀剂作为控制腐蚀产生及其扩展的一种有效手段,在飞机维护中得到更广泛的使用,总结了美国军方对缓蚀剂的分类及使用要求和范围,介绍了目前国内外军用和民用飞机中缓蚀剂的应用情况,分析了缓蚀剂在国内的应用前景,提出了开发自主知识产权缓蚀剂产品的建议。     

严酷环境下飞机外场腐蚀防护对策与措施

简要分析了飞机在沿海及海岛等严酷环境下使用面临的腐蚀问题,通过列举国内外典型飞机腐蚀案例,阐明了环境腐蚀对飞机的危害性。简要介绍了美军飞机腐蚀防护对策与控制措施。针对我国现役飞机的严酷使用环境、腐蚀特点研究制定了外场条件下飞机腐蚀防护对策与措施,主要包括有针对性的腐蚀检查、表面清洗、除湿干燥、机载电子电气设备防护措施、易腐蚀部位涂覆缓蚀剂、动部件活动部位涂覆润滑脂、腐蚀损伤修复的原则与措施等。     

在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制

目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。     

舰载飞机腐蚀控制与防护技术

分析了舰载飞机高温、高湿、高盐雾的服役环境特点,并阐述了舰载飞机易发生的腐蚀问题,提出了舰载飞机腐蚀防护与控制的研究思路,并对舰载飞机先进腐蚀控制与防护技术进行了总结,包括结构防护设计、选用综合性能优良的耐蚀材料、防护技术、舰上腐蚀控制维护/维修技术等。总结了舰载飞机全面腐蚀控制研究重点发展方向及建议。     

钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢缓蚀性及机理研究

采用失重法、电极化法和X-射线光电子能谱XPS技术对钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂的缓蚀性及缓蚀机理进行了研究。实验结果表明:单一钼酸盐对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率随着钼酸盐使用浓度的增加而增加,但低浓度使用缓蚀率较低。通过失重法确定了与钼酸盐有较好协同效应的缓蚀剂配方-钼酸盐、柠檬酸钠、有机膦酸盐(HEDP)和锌盐,当缓蚀剂各组分浓度分别为10mg/L、40mg/L、10mg/L和4mg/L时,该缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率超过93%。动电位极化曲线测试结果表明:单一钼酸盐缓蚀剂和钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂均为抑制阳极反应为主的阳极型缓蚀剂;X-射线光电子能谱XPS实验结果表明:添加了缓蚀剂的碳钢表面形成了以氧化铁和有机铁络合物为主要成分,钼与磷也参与成膜的不溶性沉淀膜,有效的抑制了海水对碳钢表面的腐蚀。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.