颗粒冲蚀对注射法制备C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料 抗烧蚀性能的影响研究

目的采用ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷对C/C复合材料进行改性,研究改性后的复合材料受到颗粒冲蚀破坏的烧蚀行为。方法采用注射法将ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷前驱体引入到等温化学气相渗透法(ICVI)制备的低密度C/C复合材料中,再通过高温热处理、ICVI的方法制备出ZrC和SiC复相陶瓷改性的C/C(C/C-ZrC-SiC)复合材料,随后对制备的复合材料进行高速颗粒冲击实验破坏,并对破坏后的试样进行氧乙炔火焰烧蚀,研究其烧蚀行为。结果改性后的复合材料线冲蚀率和质量冲蚀率分别为253.1μm/s和79.8 mg/s,相较于同孔隙率的C/C复合材料分别降低了49.2%和61%。颗粒冲蚀破坏后C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为4.26μm/s和1.44 mg/s,相比于同孔隙率的C/C复合材料,分别降低了37%和39%。结论由于引入的ZrC和SiC陶瓷相的硬度大于碳基体,C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料在受到高速颗粒的冲击时,能通过硬质陶瓷相起到抗冲击作用,使得改性后的复合材料抗冲蚀性能大幅度提高。受到颗粒冲蚀破坏后的C/C-ZrC-SiC复合材料内部仍存在超高温陶瓷相,烧蚀过程中能够形成ZrO2骨架结构和SiO2球形颗粒,进而有效保护碳纤维和热解碳基体。     

金属尖化前缘模型主动式热疏导性能试验研究

目的为了更好地解决高超声速飞行器舵、翼前缘及头锥等气动热环境恶劣区域的热防护问题。方法采用主动式热疏导技术,以高温液态合金为工质,设计并制作具有主动式热疏导功能的尖化前缘金属试验模型(R=5 mm)。根据模型外尺寸设计加工一套石英灯仿形加热器和热流测试模型,开展地面热环境模拟试验。结果试件在前缘中心温度530℃左右时具有瞬态启动特性。前缘中心和大面积中心最大辐射热流密度分别为1000 kw/m^2和580 kw/m^2,试件在该环境中长时间受热状态下仍具有较好的热疏导能力。试验后试件无工质泄漏和结构破坏,具有一定的可重复使用性。结论可以此热疏导方式结合现有成熟热防护技术进一步开展工程设计与应用。     

太阳能电池翅片散热器的冷却性能研究

本篇论文通过实验和计算的方式观察翅片散热器不同加热边界条件下的工作性能,以及在翅片散热器上加装相变材料,来研究这种组合的工作性能的。采用三组实验进行对比,分别是定温加热翅片散热器,定热流加热翅片散热器以及定热流加热装有相变材料的翅片散热器。通过实验数据的分析计算,来判断散热器在这三种条件下的工作性能以及温度分布情况等。     

适应瞬态高温过载环境的加载装置设计及试验研究

目的地面模拟飞行器再入过程瞬态热-离心环境,预测部组件结构响应,开展典型试验件高过载环境瞬态高温加载装置设计技术及试验研究。方法通过优化石英灯结构强度和生产工艺,改进灯阵夹具和石英灯夹持方式,解决高过载离心环境(80g)石英灯强度和夹具夹持位置灯管易碎问题。结果利用自行研制的适用于高过载环境下瞬态加热装置,对典型试验件进行了高过载高温加载试验,实现了最高温度为600℃,最大加速度为80g的技术指标。结论该研究成果可用于相关飞行器及其部组件地面热-离心复合环境等效性试验考核。     

轻质Cf/SiOC复合材料表面抗氧化涂层烧蚀性能的研究

目的提高轻质碳纤维增强SiOC(C_f/SiOC)多孔陶瓷复合材料的抗烧蚀性能。方法用TaSi_2、MoSi_2为高温抗氧化组分,SiB_6为烧结助剂,硼硅酸玻璃为粘结剂,采用浆料法在C_f/SiOC复合材料表面制备多层梯度化抗氧化涂层。用氧乙炔考核带涂层复合材料的抗氧化及抗烧蚀性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜对烧蚀后的形貌进行分析。结果采用硼硅酸玻璃能够在较低的温度下获得表面致密的涂层,有效地提升涂层的阻氧能力,同时能够降低涂层与基体材料之间的热失配。通过浆料法能够获得梯度化的抗氧化涂层,即涂层由靠近基体部分的多孔层逐渐过渡至最外层的致密层。在氧乙炔考核烧蚀实验下,涂层表现出优良的抗烧蚀性能,并且随着表面烧蚀温度的不同,表现出不同的烧蚀行为。在1660℃下烧蚀后,线烧蚀率及质量烧蚀率分别为0.03μm/s,2.96×10-8g/(mm2·s),随着烧蚀温度增加至1760℃,线烧蚀率及质量烧蚀率增加至0.06μm/s,1.03×10-7g/(mm2·s)。带涂层的复合材料烧蚀后,涂层表面没有裂纹,但都出现了大量的孔洞,其主要原因是硼硅酸玻璃的挥发,基体材料并没有发生明显的氧化,涂层表现出优良的抗氧化、阻氧能力。结论硼硅酸玻璃的引入能够在较低的温度下获得表面致密的涂层,提升涂层的阻氧能力。制备的多组分抗氧化烧蚀涂层,可以有效地提高C_f/SiOC复合材料的抗烧蚀能力。     

C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘设计与制备

目的 C/SiC复合材料进气道前缘轻量化设计与制备。方法基于进气道气动外形和结构要求,建立波纹点阵夹芯结构的进气道前缘有限元模型,然后按照德国航空中心H2K超声速风洞试验室试验的数据进行反演,得到进气道前缘的热流密度分布,据此进行边界条件加载,在模型中考虑固体导热、表面辐射以及空腔辐射三种传热方式。采用瞬态传热算法,求解100 s下进气道前缘的温度场,为了进一步降低C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘的最高温度,设计不同的进气道前缘尖端半径,并进行优化。最后根据优化得到的波纹点阵进气道几何参数,采用PIP法制备出C/SiC复合材料点阵结构进气道前缘。结果进气道尖端半径小于0.5mm时,最高温度高于1800℃,超过C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于1.0 mm时,最高温度为1520℃,低于C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。不同进气道前缘尖端半径下,最高温度达到稳态的时间不一样,半径等于0.5 mm时,进气道前缘达到稳态的时间约为30 s左右。随着前缘尖端半径增大,最高温度达到稳态的时间增加,半径为1.0 mm时,达到稳态时间约为60 s。结论进气道前缘最高温度随着尖端半径增大明显降低,当半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。     

C/C复合材料不同碳基体的纳米压痕行为研究

目的研究碳基体微观结构对材料整体性能的影响。方法用酚醛浸渍-碳化、中温煤沥青浸渍-碳化、甲烷为碳源前驱体,经化学气相沉积制备得到不同碳基体C/C复合材料。采用偏光显微镜对C/C复合材料不同碳基体的显微结构进行观察分析,采用XRD和Raman光谱对C/C复合材料的树脂碳基体、沥青碳基体和热解碳基体的微晶尺寸进行表征,以玻璃碳作为参比样品,通过纳米压痕测试不同碳基体试样的弹性模量和硬度。结果碳基体为热解碳和沥青碳的石墨微晶缺陷少,完整度较好,石墨化程度高。玻璃碳和树脂碳基体中石墨微晶排列紊乱,有序度低,石墨化程度低。酚醛浸渍-碳化得到的树脂碳的微晶尺寸Lc最小,为1.69 nm,弹性模量和硬度最大,分别为(23.17±0.54) GPa和(3.26±0.10) GPa;光滑层热解碳和粗糙层热解碳的弹性模量和硬度次之;沥青碳的微晶尺寸最大,Lc为9.36nm,而弹性模量和硬度最小,分别为(12.53±2.29) GPa和(0.72±0.14) GPa。结论不同碳基体的C/C复合材料中,碳基体的石墨化度越高,微晶尺寸越大,各向异性越显著,材料的弹性模量和硬度越低。     

再入飞行器超高温陶瓷防热应用研究

目的探索尖锥外形高超声速飞行器超高温陶瓷防热设计约束要求。方法基于计算流体力学有限体积数值求解方法研究高超声速层流状态尖锥形飞行器的气动热环境,通过不同攻角下热流及辐射平衡温度分布规律研究获得防热设计约束要求。针对典型尖锥飞行器超高温陶瓷防热设计要求开展几何尺寸、攻角范围影响研究,最后探讨超高温陶瓷高性能热导率对防热设计影响。结果尖锥飞行器高热流仅限于驻点附近很小的区域,迎风面热流随着攻角增大迅速提高。满足防热设计约束的极限飞行攻角与端头长度呈正比,端头长度增加0.1m,极限攻角增大10°。超高温陶瓷热导率对端头防热设计影响较大,随着材料热导率增大50%,驻点辐射平衡温度降低205 K,端头连接结构温度增大50 K。结论尖锥体超高温陶瓷端头防热设计的重要约束指标为端头连接结构温度限制,设计时需要合理优化飞行攻角剖面,选取热导率性能适中的材料。     

脱水污泥热干化和微波干化过程及机理比较分析

以脱水污泥为原料,分别采用恒温热干化和微波干化2种不同的方法考察脱水污泥的干化情况;对不同干化阶段的污泥进行显微观察,分析干化过程;并对2种干化过程的机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明随着加热温度的升高,污泥中水分脱除速度加快。加热温度低于100℃时,在120 min以内,热干化无法达到较高的脱水率。加热温度在140℃以上,加热时间120 min时,脱水污泥的脱水率可达到98.26%。微波干化法在功率为500~900 W,5~10 min内可使脱水污泥的脱水率到达99.20%以上。机理分析表明热干化传质与传热方向相反,微传热和传质的方向相同,因此微波干化具有更快速、高效的特点。     

金属基体复合材料圆锥壳的材料参数识别及动力学敏感性研究

目的 研究以金属作为基体的碳酚醛复合材料圆锥壳的动力学特性,基于模态实验建立复合材料参数优化识别方法。方法 通过建立金属基体复合材料圆锥壳结构的动力学模型,表征各层材料参数对结构动力学特性的影响。开展典型铝合金-环氧胶-碳酚醛圆锥壳自由模态实验,在模态实验结果基础上,采用数值仿真开展复合材料参数识别,并采用响应面优化法研究获得材料参数的全局最优解。最后,开展结构模态对复合材料参数的敏感性分析。结果 基于拉丁超立方抽样和多项式代理模型,建立了多层复合圆锥壳的高效代理模型。对于[0, 90]S铺层的复合材料圆锥壳结构,前5组模态频率参数对E11最敏感,对v23最不敏感,剪切模量的影响介于拉伸模量及泊松比之间。结论 建立了针对各向同性-正交各向异性材料组合的多层复合圆锥壳结构的动力学模型及参数识别方法,可为结构动力学设计提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.