土壤,地下水中有机污染物的就地处置

有机化合物对土壤、地下水的污染已引起世界各国的普遍关注。地层介质中的有机物主要以自由态,挥发态、溶解态和固态４种形态存在。有机污染物的自然降解能力较差,如不进行人工清除,在自然环境中它们可能存留长达几埏年之久,对土壤、地下水资源构成长期的威胁。传统的开挖处理技术不仅费用昂贵,而且当贮赃物 地表被利用时则无法进行开挖处理（如有建筑物等）。近扯为,以地下冲洗法,土壤抽水法和地下水曝气法为代表的有机污染     

土壤气监测在污染地块调查评估中的优势、局限及解决思路

目前,我国污染地块调查评估以土壤监测为主,辅以地下水监测。这套方法对于挥发性有机物(VOCs)的特殊性考虑不足,可能出现遗漏污染区域的可能性。与土壤监测相比,土壤气监测在VOCs污染地块调查评估中具有可捕捉VOCs污染区域的能力更强,能更准确反映VOCs的气态扩散迁移过程和呼吸暴露风险,以及长期监测成本较低等优势,故有必要将土壤气监测作为VOCs污染地块调查评估的常规工作内容。针对土壤气监测在国内推广应用中仍受到缺乏土壤气采样技术规范、分析检测标准方法、土壤气环境质量标准或风险筛选值及相应的数据分析方法等问题的局限,提出相应的解决思路以供参考。     

土壤及地下水有机污染的化学与生物修复

本文综述了土壤及地下水有机污染的化学与生物修复技术研究的最新进展。比较详细地介绍了土壤及地下水有机污染的化学修复、生物修复、化学与生物相结合修复的具体方法、治理效率及其影响因素。     

微生物在地下水污染修复中的应用研究进展

地下水污染是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一,地下水环境特殊性和污染物复杂性加大了地下水污染修复难度.微生物修复是以微生物自身代谢功能为基础的一种修复方法,相对其他技术具有成本低、对环境扰动小等优点,在地下水污染长期修复中优势明显.系统总结了监测自然衰减的微生物证据、室内自然衰减模拟与定量检测技术以及生物刺激修复中关键环境因...     

苏北灌溉总渠灌区土壤砷污染及调查研究

在对苏北灌溉总渠沿线灌区土壤采样分析的基础上,评价该灌区砷的污染状况,探讨了土壤中As的含量、分布、成因及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,长期利用污水灌溉,导致砷在灌区耕层产生累积,土壤受到一定程度的污染,应当引起关注。     

污染土壤及地下水修复的PRB技术及展望

PRB技术是一类就地修复污染土壤及地下水的新型技术,主要由注入井、浸提井和监测井3部分所组成。污染地区的水文地质学研究,是实施该技术的关键;化学活性物质的筛选、注入的部位、浓度、速率以及是否均匀分布,是该技术是否有效的关键要素。胶态零价铁PRB技术,被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属（如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等）引起的土壤及地下水污染的有效技术。尽管这些技术存在一定的弊病,但与传统的处理方法相比,其技术上的优势是十分明显的。可以预料,这一技术在我国有良好的应用前景。     

宝应县土壤重金属的污染调查

以宝应县农田土壤重金属调查为依据，采用污染指数法对土壤质量进行评价，分析土壤重金属污染原因，提出防治措施。     

强化土壤生态系统净化机能的研究进展

本文综术了充分利用和强化土壤生态系统净化机能的研究进展,提出了以强化土壤生态系统的反硝化作用为根本措施,以及根据土壤的环境容量严格控制污水污泥和化肥的用量等对策措施,以防治对地表水和地下水的污染。     

污染土壤及地下水修复的PRB技术及展望

PRB技术是一类就地修复污染土壤及地下水的新型技术 ,主要由注入井、浸提井和监测井3部分所组成。污染地区的水文地质学研究 ,是实施该技术的关键 ;化学活性物质的筛选、注入的部位、浓度、速率以及是否均匀分布 ,是该技术是否有效的关键要素。胶态零价铁PRB技术 ,被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属 (如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等 )引起的土壤及地下水污染的有效技术。尽管这些技术存在一定的弊病 ,但与传统的处理方法相比 ,其技术上的优势是十分明显的。可以预料 ,这一技术在我国有良好的应用前景     

钱塘江水系富春江段水污染现状调查研究

通过对钱塘江水系（富春江段）水质状况的监测调查及桐庐、富阳两县（市）主要污染源的排查，分析了富春江段水环境质量现状，以及主要污染来源，为钱塘江流域水污染防治及水资源的保护提供参考依据。     

中国台湾地区土壤及地下水污染整治管理与经验

中国台湾地区土壤及地下水污染整治基金管理会自2001年成立以来,不断完善管理架构和管理体系,发布相关领域的法律法规、行政规则和公告,有效运行污染整治基金的财务筹措和使用等经济管理机制。开展了一系列行之有效的预防、监测、调查、评估等管理工作,为污染场地的识别和筛选奠定了坚实的基础。对于污染场地的整治工作,采用标准和风险评估相结合的验收方式,推行场地可持续利用的绿色修复技术。重点研究台湾地区土壤及地下水污染整治工作的管理政策、模式和措施,总结相关经验,为中国土壤及地下水污染防治工作提供借鉴和参考。     

环境激素污染研究进展

综述了国内外环境激素的研究进展．介绍了环境激素的特性、种类,重点阐述了环境激素的毒害途径和作用机理;指出环境激素物质的鉴定、激素物质环境容量的确定以及在环境中激素迁移、转化、积累等问题。从环境激素对人类的健康,尤其是对生殖健康的危害,提出了防治环境激素污染的措施。     

Partitioning of arsenic in soil-crop systems irrigated using groundwater: a case study of rice paddy soils in southwestern Taiwan

The accumulation of As in rice due to groundwater irrigation in paddy fields represents a serious health hazard in South and Southeast Asia. In Taiwan, the fate of As in long-term irrigated paddy fields is poorly understood. Groundwater, surface soil, and rice samples were collected from a paddy field that was irrigated with As-containing groundwater in southwestern Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the source and sink of As in the paddy field by comparing the As fractions in the soils that were obtained by a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) with the As uptake of rice. The risks associated with eating rice from the field can thus be better understood. The concentration of As in groundwater varied with time throughout the growing seasons of rice, but always exceeded the permitted maximum (10 μg L⁻¹) for drinking water by the WHO. The As concentration increased with the concentration of Fe in the groundwater, supporting the claim that a large amount of As was concentrated in the Fe flocs collected from the internal wall of the groundwater pump. The results of the SEP revealed that As bound with amorphous and crystalline hydrous oxides exhibited high availability in the soils. The root of rice accumulated the largest amount of As, followed by the straw, husk, and grain. Although the As concentration in the rice grain was less than 1.0 mg kg⁻¹, the estimated intake level was close to the maximum tolerable daily intake of As, as specified by the WHO.     

Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China

The residue of antibiotics is becoming an intractable environmental problem in many organic vegetable bases. However, their residual levels and distribution are still obscure. This work systematically analyzed the occurrence and migration of typical veterinary antibiotics in organic vegetable bases, northern China. The results showed that there was no obvious geographical difference in antibiotic distribution between soil and manure. A simple migration model can be easy and quick to predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil. Antibiotics were mainly taken up through water transport and passive absorption in vegetables. The distribution of antibiotics in a plant was in the sequence leaf > stem > root, and performed biological accumulation. The residues of antibiotics in all samples in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Overall, this work can lay the foundation for understanding ecological risk of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects on human health by food chain.     

土壤渗滤处理系统运行控制的模拟研究

通过建立地下水数学模型,回答了土壤渗滤工程运行控制中的两个难点问题:(1)工程运行水力负荷.当工程地块周边存在河流时,河流水位低时,有助于增加水力负荷,反之则降低水力负荷;实际土壤运行面积的增加和独立运行单元之间的间距增加也能够增加工程运行水力负荷.(2)地下水水质监测井的优化布设.模拟工程运行后地下水水质空间分布特征,在地下水水质最不利的位置和其他特别关注的位置布置监测井,从而能够以具有典型代表性且数目较少的监测井达到准确评估工程对地下水水质影响的目的.     

雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

在雷州半岛采集了106个土壤表层样品,分析了其中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As)的全量.结果表明,雷州半岛土壤重金属污染由高到低排序为Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞As＞Pb,Zn、Cd、As和Pb质量浓度均没有超标,Hg和Cu质量浓度超标率亦不高,但Ni和Cr平均质量浓度达49.81、87.13 mg/kg,高于国内外其他对照区域,超标率分别为25.47%和24.53%;重金属元素在雷州半岛各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显,按4种主要土壤利用类型受重金属污染程度大小排序为甘蔗地＞果园土＞水田＞菜地;雷州半岛土壤综合污染指数总平均为0.970,土壤总体上尚清洁,重金属污染处于警戒水平;雷州半岛各区域中,徐闻、雷州两地土壤重金属质量浓度明显高于其他地区,其主要原因是徐闻、雷州两地成土母质主要为玄武岩,造成土壤Cr、Ni及其他重金属背景值较高.     

The impact of an open waste disposal site on soil and groundwater pollution

A study has been carried out of a waste disposal site, located in the valley of a small creek, 3 km south of Canakkale city centre. The surface area of the site was around 101000 square metres, and the total amount of waste deposited at the site since 1990 was approximately 1001000 tons. The major risks of the dump are its closeness to the university campus area to the south, the airport to the north, and residential areas encroaching towards the dump site. The nuisance caused by odour is high. The waste pile emplaced at the head of the tributary stream has caused channelling of the leachate to the creek, which is eventually washed towards the agricultural fields. The field investigation included surface geological, hydrogeochemical and geochemical studies. Water samples were collected at 11 points. Three observation wells were dug in front of the open waste disposal site. Soil samples from these observation wells were collected at 30, 70 and 150 cm depths, and some heavy metals were analysed. The concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in soil at the depth of 150 cm decreased with distance from the waste disposal site. Hydrogeochemical data analysis gave similar results.     

On the scope and management of pesticide pollution of Swedish groundwater resources: The Scanian example

Twenty-three south-Swedish public supply wells were studied to assess pesticide pollution of regional groundwater resources. Relations between pesticide occurrence, hydrogeology, and land use were analyzed using Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Maps approach. Pesticides are demonstrated to be substantially present in regional groundwater, with detections in 18 wells. Concentrations above the drinking water threshold are confirmed for nine wells. Observations indicate considerable urban influence, and lagged effects of past, less restricted use. Modern, oxic waters from shallow, unconfined, unconsolidated or fracture-type bedrock aquifers appear particularly vulnerable. Least affected waters appear primarily associated with deeper wells, anoxic conditions, and more confined sediment aquifers lacking urban influence. Comprehensive, standardized monitoring of pesticides in groundwater need to be implemented nationwide to enable sound assessments of pollution status and trends, and to develop sound groundwater management plans in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. Further, existing water protection areas and associated regulations need to be reassessed.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0548-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Influence of industrial heavy metal pollution on soil free-living nematode population

The effect of distance from a heavy metal pollution source on the soil nematode community (trophic structure, sex structure, and taxa composition) was investigated along a 15-km transect originating at the Almalyk Industrial Complex, Uzbekistan (pollution source). The soil nematode community was exposed to heavy metal influence both directly and through soil properties changes. Pollution effect on the density and biomass of soil free-living nematodes was found to be highest at pollution source, with fungivores and plant parasites dominating at the upper and deeper soil layers next to the pollution source. These groups decreased along the transect, yielding domination to bacteria- and fungi-feeders. The sex ratio of nematode communities was found to be dependent on heavy metal pollution levels, with the juveniles being the most sensitive nematode group. The Maturity and modified Maturity Indices, reflecting the degree of disturbance of the soil ecosystem, were found to be the most sensitive indices.     

广州市机动车排放污染三维仿真模拟研究

基于三维的对流一扩散方程,采用50 m× 50 m× 20 m的高分辨率网格对广州市机动车排放污染扩散的宏观分布状况进行了数值模拟研究,应用有限体积法数值求解上述方程.模拟过程综合考虑了广州市的路网结构、交通流和路网线源排放强度等因素,进行了均匀风速的简单气象条件试算.结果表明,机动车排放污染物浓度随交通流量而变化,随高度增加而下降,上风向污染物浓度大于下风向,模拟结果与实际污染情况具有较好的一致性.