长沙市白蚁种类及危害情况调查

报道了长沙市区危害房屋及园林树木的白蚁种类及危害状况，经5年调查(2000年-2004年)结果表明：长沙市(不包括长、望、浏、宁四县)共有白蚁2科17种．主要危害房屋的为散白蚁及台湾乳白蚁，危害园林树木的是黑翅土白蚁及黄翅大白蚁．讨论了区系特点及近年危害新状况。     

若尔盖湿地畜牧业对两栖类食性的影响

比较若尔盖湿地3种两栖类——高原林蛙(Ranaku kunoris)、岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanica)和倭蛙(Narorana pleskei)的食物组成,分析畜牧业对其食性的影响.根据猎物的数量、体积比例和出现频率,蜉金龟科、蚁科、毛蚊科、象甲科昆虫和某些昆虫幼虫是3种两栖类食谱的主要组成部分,其中最重要的蜉金龟以藏牦牛粪为主要食物和寄居场所.3种两栖类猎物的出现频率和数量比例存在显著性差异.高原林蛙主要取食蜉金龟,在其食谱中,蜉金龟比例占据绝对优势(相对重要性指数IRI:35.28);而倭蛙的食性生态位宽度较宽,蜉金龟科(IRI:13.41)、蚁科、毛蚊科、昆虫幼虫以及狼蛛科均占有一定比例;岷山蟾蜍最重要的猎物是蚂蚁(IRI:85.54),次之是蜉金龟.结果说明:畜牧业对若尔盖湿地的3种两栖类食性存在不同影响,高原林蛙能从畜牧业发展中获得更多的好处;作为取食的泛化者,倭蛙受畜牧业的影响比高原林蛙小;岷山蟾蜍主要取食蚂蚁,受牧场变化影响也较小.     

5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁毒力测定的SPSS分析

台湾乳白蚁(Copotermes formosanus)是海南省危害房屋建筑最为严重的白蚁之一,为此研究防治药剂对台湾乳白蚁的毒力,减轻其对房屋建筑的危害将有重要意义。通过药膜法和毒土穿透法测定了5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁的毒力,用45%毒死蜱乳油做药剂对照,应用SPSS软件中的Probit模块,统计分析了5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁的毒力测定数据,从而得出毒力回归方程,LC_(50)、LC_(95)以及95%置信区间,对数单位与概率单位的关系图。结果表明:5%阿维菌素乳油防治台湾乳白蚁的最低有效浓度为15.625 mg·kg~(-1),与对照药剂45%毒死蜱乳油相近,其LC_(50)、LC_(95)分别为11.58和135.66 mg·kg~(-1)。由于阿维菌素对环境污染小,很可能会取代毒死蜱成为防治台湾乳白蚁的主要灭治药剂。     

南岳自然保护区兽类资源考察报告

南岳自然保护区野生兽类动物资源丰富,共有33种,包括7目16科,属东洋界的25种,占75.8 %,属古北界的7种,占24.2 %.区内珍稀动物种类多,有大灵猫、小灵猫、野猪、穿山甲、林麝、獐等6种国家二级保护动物,12种湖南省重点保护动物.区内兽类动物由于偷猎乱捕,有些种类如华南虎、云豹已灭绝,有些动物种类已濒临灭绝,采取措施保护已刻不容缓.     

江西三清山台湾松+白豆杉-猴头杜鹃植物群落研究

对三清山台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)-白豆杉(Pseudotaxus chienii(Cheng)Cheng)-猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行野外调查和分析,结果表明,(1)从群落组成、外貌、结构分析看该群落是保存较好的典型中亚热带针阔叶混交林,地理成分构成以热带属占52.60%,温带属占46.08%;按重要值计算,群落优势种组成以杜鹃花科(24.38%)、松科(22.93%)、山茶科(19.45%)、壳斗科(10.27%)占优势,而建群种、优势种主要为猴头杜鹃(64.53%)、台湾松(56.11%)、白豆杉(29.36%)、荷木(19.68%)、黑柃(15.99%)、细叶青冈(15.82%)和厚叶红淡比(15.79%)。(2)Simpson物种多样性指数为1.00,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数为3.66,频度值分析为A>B>CE,同Raunkiaer标准频度定律有一定差异。(3)群落组成以多优势种为特征,从年龄结构图看均为衰退种群,衰退程度为:台湾松>猴头杜鹃>荷木>白豆杉>黑柃>细叶青冈>厚叶红淡比,且前三种衰退程度很高。(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(70.21%),地上芽植物次之(25.32%),地面芽植物(2.13%)和隐芽植物(2.13%)较少。(5)群落的乔木层明显分为2层,高度在10~18m,以台湾松、荷木、细叶青冈优势,7~10m以白豆杉、黑柃、猴头杜鹃占优势。猴头杜鹃优势度极大,覆盖度达0.6~0.98,较大的荫闭环境对其它优势种如台湾松、白豆杉等幼苗的更新造成极大的影响。(6)从总体上看,该台湾松、白豆杉群落是一个典型的亚热带地带性常绿阔叶林,群落物种多样性、均匀度较高,在演替上实际上处于一种相对稳定的状况。     

吡虫啉防治家白蚁的试验研究

10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂与河沙混合成含有效成分(%)0.10、0.05、0.025、0.0125,家白蚁饲养其上,48～72h内100%死亡,浓度越高,死亡越快;白蚁也不能穿过以上述浓度配制的长10cm沙土管,对照则穿行自如;以上述浓度药液浸的杉木块,也完全防止白蚁取食,对照则严重被食.在室外(2004.5～2005.5),家白蚁不能通过含0.05%及0.10%药液淋浇(1000ml/40×50cm)的土壤,去取食试区中心的无药木块.吡虫啉可湿性粉剂不用有机溶剂,无刺激气味,运储施工方便,可以认为它是当前最高效的环保型白蚁防治药剂,并建议生产中以0.05%(10%可湿性粉剂稀释200倍)用于室内防治,0.10～0.05%(稀释100～200倍)用于室外防治.     

蘑菇渣和稻秸堆肥中DOM与Cu2+的络合机制

堆肥中溶解性有机质(DOM)对重金属具有显著的络合作用,影响其在环境中的迁移和转化。研究采用三维荧光-平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)结合二维相关光谱(2DCOS)分析方法,系统解析蘑菇渣堆肥(MRC)及水稻秸秆堆肥(RSC)中DOM与Cu²⁺的络合机制。EEM-PARAFAC结果表明,MRC-DOM和RSC-DOM主要由类腐殖酸(C1)、类富里酸(C2)和类蛋白质(C3)组成,各组分分别占MRC-DOM总荧光强度的43%、32%和25%,占RSC-DOM的39%、29%和32%。2种堆肥DOM与Cu²⁺作用过程中,3类组分荧光强度均呈不断降低趋势,表明它们均与Cu²⁺发生了显著的络合作用。2种堆肥中不同荧光组分(C1～C3)与Cu²⁺的有效猝灭常数(lg K)在4.54～4.76之间,均表现为C3>C1>C2,表明类蛋白组分(C3)与Cu²⁺结合能力最强,其次为类腐殖酸(C1),类富里酸(C2)最低。2DCOS结果显示,堆肥DOM中类蛋白荧光组分与Cu^...     

泸型酒酒醅与窖泥中乳酸菌群落结构差异

乳酸菌对泸型酒风味品质的发酵形成具有重要作用.为促进对酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落物种组成、发酵演替规律以及表型差异的深入认识,采用分子生态学技术,在种水平上对比和揭示同一窖池酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落的结构差异和演替规律,并运用BugBase预测酒醅和窖泥乳酸菌群落主要表型的差异.结果显示,窖池中共检出6科16属乳酸菌.酒醅发酵过程中乳酸菌平均丰度为65.21%±29.47%,而窖泥中乳酸菌仅占细菌总量的4.06%±4.24%. 0-3 d酒醅中优势乳酸菌是乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus,占乳酸菌丰度44.01%)、魏氏菌属(Weissella,27.33%),其后乳杆菌属丰度维持在91.06%以上,窖泥中优势乳酸菌为乳杆菌属(95.67%±9.17%). OTU0和OTU3是窖池中乳杆菌属的优势物种,其丰度占乳酸菌总量的76.08%±29.21%.酒醅与窖泥乳酸菌需氧类型不同,发酵初期(0-5 d)的酒醅中好氧乳酸菌相对丰度显著高于后期酒醅和窖泥样品(P 0.01),窖泥中兼性厌氧乳酸菌的丰度高于酒醅样品.综上所述,酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落存在时空异质性,可能影响酒醅和窖泥对泸型酒风味的贡献.(图4参34)     

生物转盘+表面流人工湿地对北亚热带秋冬季节受污染河水强化处理效果研究

受污染河水传统修复工艺在秋冬季节存在运行效果不佳、容易返黑返臭等问题。通过耦合生物转盘(RBCs)+表面流人工湿地(FWSCWs)技术,构建生物-生态组合工艺,探究其在秋冬季节对受污染河水的处理效果,并解析微生物种群特征,揭示微生物群落结构与污染物强化处理效能之间的关系。结果表明,组合工艺对氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)的去除率分别为83.83%、3.32%、11.09%和20.52%,出水NH₄⁺-N浓度和COD分别达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类和Ⅴ类标准。组合工艺中优势菌属包括硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillius)、β-变形菌纲脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter...     

阊江河1～6级支流大型底栖无脊椎动物取食功能团演变特征

河流连续性概念(rivercontinuumconcept,RCC)将自然河流生态系统视为物理和生物的连续体,河流物理环境的梯度变化决定了生物的演变格局.为探索自然河流系统受人类干扰后大型底栖无脊椎动物的演变规律,作者于2002年5月、8月、11月对安徽省祁门县阊江河1~6级支流的大型底栖无脊椎动物进行了调查,共获7纲57科101属119种,计8813头,并详细记载了各级支流样点的栖境特点.运用“河流连续性概念”理论分析结果表明该河1~6级支流大型底栖无脊椎动物各取食功能团演变趋势符合该理论,但上游至下游的生物区系演替程度明显小于未受干扰的自然河流,1~6级支流各功能团的分布(P/%)梯度变化趋于平缓,仅捕食者数量分布与理论预测模式比较接近.各级支流相同取食功能团的优势类群各异,其种类的耐污能力随河流级别的增加总体呈上升趋势.同级支流各取食功能团的分布(P/%)比例存在季节性差异.图2表3参15     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).