气态有机物组成对生物过滤及菌体密度的影响

以堆肥-火山灰为填料的生物过滤器连续处理含甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的气体,观测生物过滤效果和填料的菌系状态变化.结果表明:在甲苯和乙酸乙酯共存的条件下,生物过滤器优先去除乙酸乙酯;当进气中同时存在甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇时,优先去除乙酸乙酯和异丙醇.填料中各种微生物的菌体密度与过滤去除的有机物组成和浓度有关.霉菌和酵母菌竞争利用乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的能力较强,放线菌和细菌对甲苯的竞争利用能力较强.进气中高浓度的有机物会使填料中的菌体密度增大.在处理甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的生物过滤器的各段填料中,菌体密度按细菌、霉菌、酵母菌、放线菌的顺序而降低. 图 1表 3参 17     

不同生物脱臭填料生物膜成长特性

用活性炭、浮石、陶粒和瓷环分别作为生物滴滤填料进行去除N2S恶臭气体的对比研究。活性炭和浮石对高效脱臭菌有强的吸附和固定作用，挂膜时间短，生物含量高而陶粒和瓷环固定期长，成膜较晚。在循环液流量为24L／h，气流量为0．5m^3／h，进气浓度在500mg／m^3的条件下，活性炭、浮石、陶粒和瓷环的成熟生物膜对H2S的去除率分别为99％、98％、95％和93％，从成膜到发生严重堵塞的生物增量的最大值分别是19．7、70．5、68．9、90．3mg／cm^3。试验对比结果表明，多孔浮石是优质的生物滴滤填料。     

曝气生物滤池处理H2S恶臭气体的试验

利用污水处理中曝气生物滤池进行脱除H2 S恶臭气体的试验研究,为以后进行工业放大实现水、气污染同时处理提供理论基础及优化的参数。研究表明,生物滤池具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,能够在较宽的容积负荷范围内运行,滤池的最佳停留时间在4 6～70s的范围内,进水量和pH值的变化对生物滤池的脱臭效能影响不大,在整个运行期间生物滤池处理H2 S的最大容积负荷为14 6 2g/ (m3 ·d) ,此时H2 S的去除率可达94 %以上     

一种新型微生物除臭剂的垃圾除臭实验

从广州市李坑垃圾填埋场附近的土壤样品中分离到具明显除臭效果的4株菌，根据垃圾恶臭的主要成分研制了微生物除臭菌剂。该微生物除臭剂对氨气、硫化氢、总烃、臭气浓度、细菌总数的去除率分别可达到83．3％、80．7％、62．5％、86．8％、87．0％，应用在广州的棠下、员村环卫站的垃圾转运、压缩的处理过程中，取得了满意的除臭效果。     

应用生物强化活性滤池的滤料选择及效果

生物强化活性滤池是一种经济有效的给水处理工艺,可去除约90％的AOC,保证出水的生物稳定性。滤料的选择应用是构建生物强化活性滤池的基础,直接影响了生物活性滤池内富集的生物量和出水水质。本文着重从滤料的角度,探讨了在构建和运行生物强化活性滤池过程中应予以注意的问题。     

DG-DGGE分析除臭生物滤池微生物多样性及富集后的种群结构差异

以细菌的通用引物PCR扩增16SrRNA基因的V3可变区,结合应用双梯度变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGDGGE)技术分析除臭生物滤池中不同空间层次的微生物种群的基因多样性,以及富集前后的微生物种群结构变化,初步了解可培养细菌的情况,并回收主要的DNA片段进行序列分析.结果表明,在滤池的不同层次上呈现出明显的空间分布多样性差异,并且培养前后及不同培养基富集培养的微生物种群的多样性及特异性有很大的差别.序列比对显示,硫氧化细菌在除臭过程中占有优势地位,为进一步的菌种分离提供有益的指导,也为更好地处理恶臭气体提供可靠的科学支持.图4表2参18     

木屑生物膜处理H2S气体研究

采用木屑为载体固定微生物处理含H2S废气．微生物经活性污泥驯化得到．结果表明：木屑为载体固定微生物小需要长时间的挂膜时间．生物滤池启动后的48h内进气浓度迅速提高到641mg／m^3，H2S的去除率达到了100％．实验测定了不同容积负荷下H2S的处理率，当容积负荷为360g(H2S)／(m^3d)时，H2S气体的去除率可以稳定在97．4％以上．最后采用Michaelis-Menten关系式对H2S的去除速率进行了宏观动力学分析，计算得出半饱和因子Ks为242．75mg／m^3，最大表观去除率Vm为833．33g(H2S)／(m^3d)．图5表2参8     

固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中应用研究进展

恶臭污染物（Odor pollutants）是指一切刺激嗅觉器官引起人们不愉快感觉以及损害生活环境的恶臭气味物质的统称。文章首先简要地介绍了大气中恶臭污染物的来源、分类以及危害等,指出大气恶臭污染物的主要来源主要包括农牧业来源、工业生产过程来源和城市垃圾处理恶臭污染来源等;其次,文章对能够处理大气恶臭污染物的反应器类型及其应用现状进行了系统的总结,提出能够应用于大气恶臭污染物处理的固定化微生物技术主要包括生物过滤池、生物滴滤塔和生物膜反应器等;同时着重综述了处理大气中恶臭污染物的影响因素,如底物、微生物、填料、微生物固定化方法、pH值和温度等因素对大气中恶臭污染物净化效率的影响,并且对固定化微生物技术生物转化与生物降解恶臭污染物的微观机理进行了一定的归纳与总结;最后还对固定化微生物技术在处理恶臭污染物方面的应用和未来发展趋势进行了展望,指出如果要真正实现固定化微生物技术在大气恶臭污染物处理中的工业化应用,今后还需要加强以下几个方面的研究工作：优势微生物菌剂的培育、固定化载体的开发与改良、固定微生物反应器的构建与优化和固定化微生物技术与其它单元技术的联用等。     

垃圾堆肥对土壤微生物的影响

施垃圾堆肥并种２季蔬菜的潮土、黄棕壤及红壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌、固氮菌、纤维分解菌、亚硝化菌数量，纤维分解强度，呼吸强度和微生物生物量Ｃ、Ｎ含量的测定结果表明：当土壤本身含有的微生物数量多于或少于垃圾堆肥含有的微生物数量时，土壤中的微生物数量会随垃圾堆肥用量的增加而增加；当土壤本身含有的微生物数量与垃圾堆肥相同时，垃圾堆肥用量大小对土壤微生物数量影响不大。微生物生物量Ｃ、Ｎ含量，土壤有机质，全Ｎ，有效Ｐ含量，呼吸强度及纤维分解强度均随垃圾堆肥施用量提高而增加，并呈显著的正相关性。     

土壤甲胺磷抗性细菌种群特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for Acephatemet Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Soils）

应用高浓度甲胺磷培养基,对农药厂排污口土壤微生物进行分离,鉴定出21株细菌,分属13个细菌属.对甲胺磷抗性细菌脂肪酸的分析,共测定到38个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即1)高频次分布的生物标记,普遍存在于细菌类群,属于细菌总体类群(Bacteriaingeneral)的生物标记;2)中频次分布的生物标记,在细菌种出现概率中等,可以用于代表细菌属类群(Bacteriumgenus)识别生物标记;3)低频次分布的生物标记,在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记;4)微频次分布的生物标记,这种生物标记仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将假单胞杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括了铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量小于3.60%;第2类包含了伞菌假单胞菌、威隆假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、温哥华假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量大于5.99%.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对甲胺磷抗性细菌种的聚类分析,能有效地将细菌类群分为3类,微生物群落中存在着稳定的生物标记和受环境影响的生物标记,论文提供了一种脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,结合细菌的生物学特性研究,可以解释微生物在环境中的变化,对于土壤微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.