Ecological parameters and disinfection effect of low-temperature laundering in hospitals in Slovenia

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of laundering procedures on the ecological parameters of wastewater and the electric energy consumption. Laundering procedures were simulated in a laboratory washing machine and the parameters temperature, duration and concentration of disinfection agents were varied until the optimal conditions were found for low-temperature laundering while achieving an appropriate disinfection effect with peroxyacetic acid and minimal damages to the textiles. The disinfection effect was determined using standard bioindicators Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Candida albicans. The optimal low-temperature laundering procedure at 40 °C was then evaluated according to the Slovenian regulations for wastewater reuse and the toxicity of the wastewater on activated sludge as well as the wastewater biodegradability were determined. It was found that an optimal low-temperature laundering procedure at 40 °C decreased the energy consumption while reaching an adequate disinfection effect with somewhat higher dosages of chemicals and with lower damages to the textiles due to lower washing temperatures. The wastewater was found to have a certain level of pollution and was biodegradable and can therefore be treated using biological treatment.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital e uent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction （SPE） method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples＇ turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

污水管网典型混流制区域水量水质波动特征解析

混流制管网区域的入流入渗等问题致使污水水量水质波动较大,这给城市污水系统运行管理带来极大挑战.以某市典型混流制区域为对象,建立基于物联网的多点同步监测平台,重点研究了混流制污水管网的运行特点,识别关键的特征指标和不同情景下的指标变化特征.结果表明,旱流正常液位情景下水量水质日变化规律明显、多点同步性规律较一致;旱流高液位情景下水量水质日变化规律依然存在,但水质多点同步性差异较大;旱流液位、电导率波动特征受季节降雨量变化影响显著,且其主分布区间与季节降雨显著相关.降雨过程对液位变化速率及特征时段内的电导率变化速率分布特征影响较大,高低液位两种情景下液位、电导率对雨量雨型的响应特征差异显著,低液位时电导率响应更灵敏,高液位时液位响应更灵敏.基于旱季雨季分布规律以及降雨过程水量水质变化特征,建立了基于多点同步监测的管网运行参数特征库,为雨污混流管网优化运行管理提供支持.     

膜生物反应器处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒研究

针对膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒,分别开展了不同氯的投加剂量对指示微生物（总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群）的灭活效果、消毒副产物（disinfection by-products,DBPs）生成量以及消毒后出水发光菌急性毒性研究.结果表明,在工程应用中MBR处理工...     

自由基对工业化纤废水氧化处理的研究

通过芬顿试剂氧化、次氯酸钠氧化、过氧化氢和光催化氧化方法对化纤废水进行了处理,并通过COD检测、紫外可见光光度计等方法对氧化效果进行分析。结果显示自由基氧化对化纤废水的色度减小非常明显,能使其色度从800多倍减少到10倍以下,COD值从3 550 mg/L降解到100 mg/L以下,透光率的变化率达到98.59%。化学处理工艺的探讨发现在pH值4～6,搅拌速度为1 500 r/min,处理30 min就能使废水的COD去除率达到95.67%;pH为4时过氧化氢的氧化效果最佳。利用过氧化氢和次氯酸钠的氧化获得了自由基氧化处理此类废水的基本原理,即自由基氧化和链式反应的持续发生造成了有机物的降解,少量自由基的生成某种程度上刺激了高级氧化反应的深入,同时极少量自由基的交联可能会湮灭氧化反应,不同类自由基之间形成竞争,可能影响其氧化性能的发挥,因此需要通过控制反应物的种类、用量和有效分离反应中间产物,可以达到高级氧化反应处理此种废水的最佳效果。     

苯酚在氨氮体系中的氧化降解研究

研究了氨氮存在下次氯酸钠处理苯酚模拟废水的氧化特性,探讨了苯酚在氨氮体系中的反应途径。实验结果表明:在含氨氮的苯酚废水中加入次氯酸钠,氨氮将与苯酚发生竞争反应。折点加氯曲线表现为当氯与氨氮质量比由5.35上升到27.67时,氨氮去除率的变化趋势滞后;而余氯量则不断减小,没有折点出现。随着氨氮浓度增加,苯酚的氧化降解受到抑制:一方面,苯酚的去除率不断下降;另一方面,体系中检测到一系列氯酚中间产物,其生成量和种类先增加后减少。HPLC分析结果显示体系中生成的氯酚中间产物至少有2种(2-氯酚和4-氯酚),至多有5种(2-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚)。其中,2-氯酚和4-氯酚是导致三卤甲烷产生的最有效前体物质,而2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚则是生成卤乙酸的高活性物质。实验结果对次氯酸钠处理含氨氮的难生化或有毒有机废水具有一定的参考价值。     

湿法炼锌高盐废水的综合回收实验研究

采用“预处理除杂—蒸发—盐分离结晶”技术对锌烟尘处理厂产出的高盐废水进行了探索实验研究.结果表明：采用该技术处理锌冶炼高盐废水,分别得到合格生产用水、无水硫酸钠和氯化钠,高盐废水实现了资源化回收利用.中和后的浓盐水加热到95~100℃进行高温蒸发浓缩,分离得到结晶盐无水硫酸钠,含量为98.79%,达到Ⅱ类优等品质量标准;蒸发得到的冷凝水电导率≤48μS/cm,水质达到生产用水标准.高温蒸发后期,氯化钠富集在少量的残余液中,保持60℃低温蒸发,分离得到结晶盐氯化钠,其中氯化钠含量为93.82%.     

模拟高效涡流澄清池除砷效果试验研究

通过模拟高效涡流澄清池的水力条件,研究了氧化剂次氯酸钠的投加量、预氧化时间及混凝剂氯化铁(FeCl3)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)不同的投加量等对除砷效果的影响,从而为高效涡流澄清池除砷的可行性提供试验依据.试验结果表明,在模拟高效涡流澄清池水力条件下,投加次氯酸钠10 mg/L预氧化10 min后,投加氯化铁15 mg/L...     

双室隔膜法电解NH4Cl废液

为解决稀土、化肥工业中NH₄Cl废水难以处理,危害较大的问题,针对广东某厂处理碱性氯化铜蚀刻液废水产生大量NH₄Cl的实际废液,提出用电解法处理NH₄Cl废液并对最优实验条件进行探究。发现采用阴离子交换膜将电解槽分隔为两极室可防止Cl₂与NH₄+接触产生易爆炸的NCl₃,保证操作安全,且能有效分离阳极产生的Cl₂和阴极产生的H₂,便于产物收集。在此基础上,通过探究阳极室电解质种类及浓度、阴极室NH₄Cl溶液浓度、电解时间对处理效果的影响,得到最佳实验条件为向阳极室加入20 mL浓度为5 g/L的NaCl溶液,向阴极室加入相同体积浓度为100 g/L的NH₄Cl溶液,在0.3 A恒电流下电解3 h。在此条件下,反应器中93%的Cl-转化为Cl₂和NaClO。该厂每天处理15 t NH₄Cl废液,可为企业创收至少1950元。该双室隔膜电解法在有效去除NH₄Cl废水中Cl-的同时能够产生NH₂·H₂O、Cl₂和可用于消毒的NaClO,具有装置简单,去除率高的优势,是速率可控、清洁高效的处理技术。     

SPG膜表面润湿性对膜污染和化学耐受性的影响

SPG膜微气泡曝气系统可应用于废水好氧处理,SPG膜污染以及其对化学清洗的耐受性是影响其应用的重要因素.本研究在采用在线化学清洗的微气泡曝气生物膜反应器中,考察了SPG膜表面性质对膜污染及化学耐受性的影响.结果表明,在长期运行过程中,SPG膜表面润湿性对膜污染和化学耐受性具有明显影响.膜表面污染层主要是有机污染,而疏水性膜抗有机污染能力较强.使用在线化学清洗时,碱性次氯酸钠溶液对亲水性膜腐蚀严重,膜孔径和孔隙率显著增大.疏水性膜抗碱性次氯酸钠溶液化学腐蚀能力较强,膜孔结构仅有轻微改变,但是疏水性膜表面疏水官能团易被氧化,使得膜表面润湿性下降.同时,疏水性膜在氧传质、污染物去除和降低能耗等方面具有优势.因此,疏水性SPG膜适用于微气泡曝气废水好氧生物处理.     

改性粉煤灰联合高铁酸钾处理造纸废水的试验研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的造纸废水,探讨了改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理造纸废水工艺;研究结果表明,在改性粉煤灰用量35g/100mL,并投加25mg/L高铁酸钾时,对造纸废水处理效果最优,上清液再用10mg/L的高铁酸钾处理,此为最佳工艺条件,出水水质达到造纸用水标准。     

改性活性炭对硫氰酸钠膜分离浓水脱杂过程的影响因素

为解决东北某湿法腈纶生产厂中回收NaSCN(硫氰酸钠)效果欠佳的现状,采用不同改性方法制备了10%-H-GAC(氧化改性活性炭)、1M-Na-GAC(还原改性活性炭)和600-N₂-GAC(高温改性活性炭),并探讨了改性方法、吸附时间、投加量以及初始pH对NaSCN膜分离浓水脱杂过程的影响. 结果表明:10%-H-GAC较其他改性活性炭对浓水中NH₃-N、COD_Cr、TOC和盐度的去除率要好. 以10%-H-GAC为吸附剂,吸附时间为180 min,投加量为12.0 g/L,初始pH为6.0时,NH₃-N、COD_Cr、TOC和盐度去除率分别可达35.1%、32.3%、34.9%、25.4%,表明该处理技术能很好地去除硫氰酸钠膜分离浓水中的污染物. 采用Fruendlich吸附等温模型对10%-H-GAC的吸附行为进行拟合,得到的NH₃-N、COD_Cr、TOC及盐度拟合方程的相关系数均在0.92以上. 准二级动力学方程能更好地描述废水中杂质在活性炭上的吸附行为,反映吸附过程. 研究显示,10%-H-GAC能有效去除硫氰酸钠膜分离浓水中的杂质,达到回收硫氰酸钠的目的.      

次氯酸钠氧化消除水中BPA的影响因素和动力学

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）的氧化消除及动力学规律进行研究,考察了加氯量、BPA初始浓度、pH值、Br^-浓度和温度各因素对降解效果的影响.结果表明,次氯酸钠对BPA的氧化降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学;pH值对该降解反应影响较大,当pH为8～9时,BPA与 HOCl的反应速率达到最大为0 .544 3　min^-1;溶液中存在Br^-会加快BPA的降解,并且其整体反应不符合拟一级动力学规律,随着Br^-浓度的增加,BPA降解得越快;温度对该降解反应的影响较大并且符合Van't Hoff规则,提高反应温度,有利于氯对BPA的降解.     

微波催化氧化法处理炼油废水

研究了应用微波辐射技术处理炼油废水,考察了活性炭用量,微波辐射时间,微波辐射功率,双氧水用量等因素对出水水质的影响。设计了实际废水的实验流程,检测了一部分生活杂用水(CJ25.1-89)中的主要指标,取得了较好的结果。     

化学絮凝剂预处理马铃薯淀粉废水的比较研究

马铃薯淀粉废水产生的季节性使得常规生物处理应用起来存在很大困难,采用絮凝剂对废水进行预处理可减轻后续处理负担。文章使用常规化学絮凝剂AlCl3、Fe2(SO4)3、PAM以及有机和无机之间的相互复配对马铃薯淀粉废水进行絮凝预处理,研究了投药量、废水pH值、助凝剂CaCl2投加量以及沉降时间等因素对絮凝效果的影响,确定了各絮凝剂处理废水的较佳絮凝条件,并在较佳条件下处理废水,通过综合比较处理效率、处理成本、絮凝条件难易程度等方面,确定了马铃薯淀粉废水的较佳絮凝剂为AlCl3+PAM,其具有废水处理效果好(COD去除率为41.08%,浊度去除率为95.06%,色度去除率为90.63%)、投药量少(2mLAlCl3+0.3mLPAM)、助凝剂投加量少(1mLCaCl)2、较佳pH在废水初始pH范围内、处理成本低(11.05元/t废水)、产生污泥量少(649g/t废水)等优点。     

流动注射分析仪测定水体中的挥发酚

采用QuikChem 8500 FIA流动注射法对水体中挥发酚进行测定,标准曲线的相关系数达到0.99999,检出限为1.066μg/L,对两种浓度的标准样品分析,测得值均在其保证值范围内,用FIA法与化学法做分析对比,相关系数为0.9995,适用于清洁水和废水样品测定;将FIA法与化学法的两种试剂种类和用量作比较,FIA法是一种高效、准确、可靠安全的方法。     

城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究

进行了城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究,结果表明:对次氯酸钠,二氧化氯消毒效果影响最大的是pH,其次是有机氮,COD,氨氮的影响相对较小。运用Selleck-Collins公式对数据进行分析。     

ABR发酵产氢系统的控制运行及产氢效能

以稀释糖蜜为原料,通过分阶段提高进水COD的方法,考察了四格式、总有效容积为28.75L厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的发酵产氢效能和运行特性.结果表明,以好氧和厌氧活性污泥的混合物接种,在水力停留时间(HRT)24h、进水pH为5.3～6.8和35℃等条件下,进水COD从500mg.L-1逐渐提高到6000mg.L-1左右,ABR可在63d内培育出具有产甲烷功能的微生物群落体系,并达到稳定运行状态.此时,4个格室中的液相末端产物以乙酸和丁酸为主,均呈现丁酸型发酵特征,系统的COD平均去除率为37.6%,平均产氢量为3.2L.d-1,去除单位COD的比产氢率平均为45.29L.kg-1(以COD计).随着进水COD的提高,ABR及各格室的运行特征也随之发生变化,在进水COD提高到8000mg.L-1并达到运行稳定状态时,后3个格室中仍有产甲烷活性的残留;前3个格室表现为乙醇型发酵,而最后1个格室的丁酸型发酵特征则得到加强;系统对COD的平均去除率降低为15.4%,平均产氢量和去除单位COD的产氢能力分别提高到12.85L.d-1和360.22L.kg-1(以COD计);由于诸如产甲烷菌和同型产乙酸菌的耗氢活性未被有效抑制,ABR的产氢效能受到了严重影响,虽然总产气速率和活性污泥的比产气率分别达到了61.54L.d-1和232L.kg-.1d-1(以MLVSS计),但总产氢速率和活性污泥的比产氢率分别仅为12.85L.d-1和48L.kg-1.d-1(以MLVSS计).     

Treatment of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195 by zero-valent iron/activated carbon combined with microwave discharge electrodeless lamp/sodium hypochlorite

A comparative study of treatment of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195 using zero-valent iron/activated carbon (ZVI/AC), microwave discharge electrodeless lamp/sodium hypochlorite (MDEL/NaClO) and the combination of ZVI/ACMDEL/ NaClO was conducted. The preliminary results showed the two steps method of ZVI/AC-MDEL/NaClO had much higher degradation e ciency than both single steps. The final color removal percentage was nearly up to 100% and the chemical oxygen demand reduction percentage was up to approximately 82%. The e ects of operational parameters, including initial pH value of simulated wastewater, ZVI/AC ratio and particle size of ZVI were also investigated. In addition, from the discussion of synergistic e ect between ZVI/AC and MEDL/NaClO, we found that in the ZVI/AC-MEDL/NaClO process, ZVI/AC could break the azo bond firstly and then MEDL/NaClO degraded the aromatic amine products e ectively. Reversing the order would reduce the degradation e ciency.