Recovery and reuse of chromium from chrome tanning waste water aiming towards zero discharge of pollution

The leather industry faces very challenging task because of the regulations enforced by the various pollution control bodies to maintain the discharged norms of the chemical in the treated water. The pollution due to the use of chromium and other chemicals in the leather industry is critically analyzed for the harmful effects. Many studies have been undertaken to optimize the amount of chemicals used in leather processing. The pollution due to chromium is one of the major constraints in the leather processing operation. Chrome recovery and reuse methods have become the compulsory recovery methods in the leather industry to recover and reuse the chromium present in the effluent. Several precipitation methods are emerging but still they are not feasible. In this paper, an attempt has been made to recover the chromium present in spent tan liquor using neutralized wattle extract. The wattle extract at different pH conditions (pH 7, 8, and 9) was used for recovery of chromium. The neutralized wattle extract was made to react with chromium in the spent liquor and allowed to settle for a period of 6 h. Major amount of chromium settles at the bottom leaving minimal amount in the supernatant. The chrome was recovered and reused for tanning the pelt. The wattle extract that was left in the tanning bath was reused for post-tanning process as a retanning agent. Therefore, complete utilization of the chromium and wattle extract has been achieved in this work. It has also been noticed that increased level of chrome exhaustion of 85% and 87% (precipitate and supernatant) in experimental leather could be obtained in comparison with the exhaustion of 74% in control sample. The physical strength and color properties of the experimental leather were comparable to the control leather. The overall results show that the recovered chromium can be well used for tanning purpose to obtain the leather of comparable properties.     

Natural marmatite photocatalyst for treatment of mineral processing wastewater to help zero wastewater discharge

Mineral processing wastewater (MPW) with large discharge and high toxicity affects environmental safety,and the realizing zero discharge of MPW is of great significance for reducing environmental pollution,saving water resources,and promoting the sustainable development of the mining industry.In this study,we reported natural marmatite (NM) as a low-cost and efficient photocatalyst for the treatment of MPW to help zero wastewater discharge.The photocatalytic activity of NM was evaluated by the r...     

Synthesis of maximum water recovery network for batch process systems

Development of maximum water recovery (MWR) networks for continuous processes based on Pinch Analysis has been rather well established. In contrast, less work has been done on the water minimisation problem for batch process systems. This work presents a two-stage procedure for the synthesis of an MWR network for a batch process system, covering both mass transfer-based and non-mass transfer-based water-using processes. The first stage of the synthesis task is to locate the various network targets, which include the overall and interval-based minimum utility targets (fresh water and wastewater flows) as well as storage capacity target using the newly developed time-dependent water cascade analysis (WCA) technique. In the second stage, a new tool called the time-water network is introduced to help in the development of the MWR network to achieve the established utility targets. This new network representation has an advantage of clearly depicting the time-dependent nature of a batch water network.     

纳米零价铁在水处理中的应用研究综述

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为最常用的纳米颗粒之一,在去除环境水体中的污染物方面开展了大量的研究.本篇综述通过系统全面地总结nZVI的相关进展,介绍nZVI的各个方面进而指导其发展方向.其中,研究内容主要包括制备方法、改性方式、去除不同水中污染物的作用机理和催化机理、在场地研究中的应用以及毒性作用机制.本文发现,纳米零价铁仍存在缺少综合评价方法、应用受限、各项研究不同步等问题.nZVI未来的发展,应具备考虑反应性、稳定性、迁移性、毒性的评价方法,避免同一改性材料在不同研究方向的时间差异性,让nZVI的应用更好地适用实地研究.     

耦合发酵产氢尾液处理的微生物电化学系统研究

区别于传统的稀释或加缓冲剂调节pH值的方法,本文提出采用微生物电解池（MEC）电调控暗发酵尾液pH值,并进一步采用微生物电合成系统（MES）降解废液产甲烷.结果表明,在MEC处理产氢暗发酵尾液过程中,伴随着阴极侧氢气的产生,暗发酵尾液中大量H⁺被消耗,溶液pH值从4.5升高到8.7;随后在MES中,产氢发酵尾液中有机物被进一步降解产生甲烷,其平均产甲烷速率达到4.5mmol/（L·d）,且在21d内化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到89%,远优于没有经过pH调控的产氢发酵尾液MES中的产甲烷性能.     

污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

研究污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构特征并进行水质评价,可为污水厂是否需要提标改造提供指导.基于2018年10月—2019年9月期间浮游植物和水质理化指标的监测数据,分析了成都市3个污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构特征,通过相关性分析研究了理化指标与浮游植物细胞密度的关系,并采用综合营养指数法与藻类生物学法进行了水质评价.结果表明,3个采样点共鉴定出浮游植物7门49属,优势属为小环藻属与假鱼腥藻属.全年浮游植物细胞密度为2.78×10⁵~2.28×10⁶ cells·L^-1.全年时间内污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物的多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致.相关性分析结果表明,水温和溶解性磷酸盐是影响研究区域部分采样点浮游植物细胞密度的主要环境因子.水质评价结果得出研究区域处于贫营养状态,污水厂出水不会导致水体富营养化,污水厂的提标改造有待进一步讨论.     

氧化石墨烯负载零价纳米铁吸附水中环丙沙星的研究

通过溶液还原法制备了氧化石墨烯负载零价纳米铁NZVI16-GO1(F16G1),并将其用于水中环丙沙星的去除.同时,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和热重分析仪(TG)等手段表征了F16G1的结构、化学组成和微观形貌.结果发现,F16G1对水中环丙沙星具有良好的吸附性能;氧化石墨烯的引入可以有效降低零价纳米铁的自身团聚;F16G1与环丙沙星的吸附作用很大程度上受静电引力的影响.实验同时考察了p H值、反应时间、初始浓度、投加量等因素对F16G1吸附环丙沙星的影响.结果表明,在p H=4~5之间,溶液的p H值对吸附量没有明显影响;F16G1对环丙沙星的最大吸附量是656.66 mg·g-1;Langmuir等温吸附模型可以用来描述吸附平衡过程.零价纳米铁的磁性使复合材料便于回收.     

Development of alternative energy sources for GHG emissions reduction in the textile industry by energy recovery from cotton ginning waste

The agricultural sector and primarily its cotton subsector are of great importance for Greece, due to the intensive agricultural activities. The wastes from cotton ginning plants are also considerable and can be valorized for bioenergy production. The substitution of conventional by green fuels, which can be produced from cotton ginning wastes, is a step towards: (a) economic and environmental sustainability for the textile industry and (b) the development of alternative energy supplies, contributing to the reduction of GHG emissions. Furthermore, it consists an especially attractive opportunity to invest in rural areas. The present paper concerns the feasibility study for energy recovery from cotton ginning waste with GHG emissions reduction in a textile plant located in Northern Greece. The aim was to replace part of heavy fuel oil used for the thermal needs of the plant by biomass. The results showed that the most economically interesting energy option for a bioenergy unit in the above textile plant is 5 MW for the coverage of the 52% of the plant's thermal requirements.     

铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺除As(V)的比较研究

选择FeCl₃和Al₂(SO₄)₃作混凝剂,采用小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器比较了铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺的除As(V)效果、相关性能指标及适用范围.结果发现,Fe³⁺投加量为4 mg/L、Al₂(SO₄)₃投加量为50 mg/L时,铁盐和铝盐工艺的除As(V)效果大致相当,均可使水中As(V)的浓度从100 μg/L左右降低到10 μg/L以下,最低为1.68 μg/L.出水浊度均小于0.1 NTU,出水中铁、铝和SO^2-₄浓度均符合饮用水标准.铁盐工艺出水pH值比原水大约高0.5,铝盐工艺处理前后水的pH值基本不变.反应器运行结束静沉24 h后,铁盐工艺浓缩比为1 791,是铝盐工艺的2.54倍,污泥中As(V)的含量也大大高于铝盐工艺,去除同等重量的As(V)所产生的污泥量较铝盐工艺少得多.因此,对于仅有砷超标的饮用水,应优先考虑铁盐工艺.按除氟所需混凝剂数量投加Al₂(SO₄)₃,铝盐工艺即可在去除As(V)的同时去除氟,铁盐工艺则不能去除氟.因此,对于砷和氟均超标的饮用水,可采用铝盐工艺同时去除砷和氟.     

制备斜发沸石和零价铁复合材料处理水中的六价铬污染

为了更好地降低我国地下水中六价铬污染给公众的健康带来的危害,本研究以渗透反应墙为处理地下水六价铬污染的主要方法,沸石和零价铁为反应材料,结合沸石虽价格低廉,但经长时间运行后吸附的六价铬有可能发生解吸,零价铁虽能完全去除六价铬但成本很高的特点,研发出了斜发沸石和零价铁的复合材料,以作为渗透反应墙的填充材料.研发主要分三个步骤:1)遴选出吸附效果较好的斜发沸石;2)确定最优表面活性剂及最优施用浓度;3)确定沸石与零价铁的复合工艺方法.最终方案为斜发沸石、六烷基三甲基溴化铵、还原铁粉、斜发沸石粉和超纯水按比例均匀混合后加热至90℃.由此制得的复合材料,具有良好的反应性能和便于装填的形状,生产成本也比较低廉,可以作为修复六价铬污染的反应墙填充材料.     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.     

Comparison of zinc complexation properties of dissolved organic matter from surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents

Abstract: Unlike natural organic matter(NOM), wastewater organic matter(WWOM) from wastewater treatment plant effluents has notbeen extensively studied with respect to complexation reactions with heavy metals such as copper or zinc. In this study, organic matter trom sunface waters and a wastewater treatment plant effluent were concentrated by reverse osmosis(FIC)) method. The samples were treated in the laboratory to remove trace metals and major cations. The zinc complexing properties of both NOM and the WVVOM were studied by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry(SWASV). Experimental data were compared to predictions using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model(WHAM) Version Ⅵ. We found that the zinc binding of WVVOM was much stronger than that of NOM and not well predicted by WHAM.This suggests that in natural water boodies that receive wastewater teatment plant effluents the ratio of WWOM to NOM must be taken into account in order to accurately predict ferr zinc activities.     

泗河水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物及其前体物空间分布特征

为探究河流水体和污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸(Perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)及其前体物的污染特征,采用羟基自由基氧化、WAX固相萃取分离富集、超高效液相色谱-质谱串联相结合的方法,以泗河水体及其附近污水厂出水为例,对上述不同水体中的PFAAs及其前体物的空间分布特征及前体物对水体污染的贡献进行了系统研究.结果表明,泗河水体和附近污水厂出水中PFAAs的总浓度(∑PFAAs)分别为3.87~40.84和55.59~110.91 ng·L~(-1),均值分别为24.92和88.04 ng·L~(-1);PFOS、PFHx S、PFOA、PFHx A和PFNA是浓度较高的污染物;污水厂出水中PFAAs的浓度明显高于泗河,泗河上游水体PFAAs的浓度低于下游.在对水样进行氧化处理后,泗河水体中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(∑Δ[PFCAC4-12])低于附近污水厂出水,但污水厂出水中前体物的转化率(Δ[PFCAs]/[PFCAs]氧化前)低于泗河水体,因此,污水处理过程中可能存在前体物的降解.     

污水处理厂尾水中有机氯化物的活性炭吸附深度处理

考虑到经氯消毒的城市污水处理厂尾水中可能存在的副产物,选择广东省东莞市两个典型污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,采用GC-MS分析其中的有机氯化物,并以某种粉末活性炭进行吸附深度处理及考察其效果.分析结果表明,尾水中存在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、二澳一氯甲烷、二氯硝基甲烷等多种有机氯化物,其中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳在所取样品中都存在且相对含量之和超过80%;吸附结果表明,所选择的活性炭样在1 g·L-1投加量下,尾水中未检出有机氯化物.说明适宜的活性炭能够应用于污水处理厂尾水中多种有机氯化物的分离去除.     

城镇污水处理排放标准改革的费效分析

从费用效果角度对提高城镇污水处理排放标准的科学性和可实施性进行探讨,利用污染源普查数据,通过城镇污水治理投资和运行函数的构建,计算不同处理规模和排放标准下的污水处理投资和运行费用,在全国层面上计算提高污水处理排放标准所需费用和污染物的减排效果.研究表明：污水处理厂的投资和运行费用的增加随着污水处理规模的增加而递减.以污...     

虚拟水社会循环视域下的水资源承载力评价

中国水资源短缺且分布不均,水资源利用的矛盾已从供给不足转为承载过度。以“可持续利用”概念为框架,在生态完整、水资源持续有效供给的基础上结合虚拟水社会循环过程,完善水资源承载力评价体系,并对西北地区进行分析评价。结果表明：（1）陕西总体较好,但近十年间呈现不断下降趋势,其中环境压力承压最大;甘肃总体上呈下降趋势,在环境和社会压力方面变化尤为明显;宁夏一直处于濒临或轻度超载状态,通过虚拟水贸易有所缓解;新疆受虚拟水流出影响较大,一直处于濒临或轻度超载状态;青海基本处于承载富余状态。（2）虚拟水贸易对水资源承载力综合压力指数影响较大,结合虚拟水社会循环过程的水资源承载力评价更具有现实指导意义。（3）面对不同水资源禀赋及用水效率的地区,其发展模式可以适当不同,用水效率高的地区可偏发展激进型一些,用水效率低的地区建议更靠近环保激进型一些。     

内蒙古煤化工废水零排放中浓盐废水处理技术及存在的问题讨论

内蒙古自治区煤炭储量位居全国首位,同时又属于严重缺水地区,煤化工、盐化工等化工废水零排放为成了热点话题。浓盐水的处理成为制约化工废水零排放的关键技术。介绍了浓盐水的处理技术及存在的问题同时对主要处理技术的投资行进了比较分析。     

鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的现场观测和三维数值模拟

为研究鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的热污染问题,对其附近海域潮流和水温进行了现场观测,并利用RMA-10三维有限元模型模拟热电厂附近海域海水温升场的分布。现场观测和数值模拟结果表明:（1）温排水对电厂邻近海域温度分布影响明显,模拟得出鲅鱼圈海域表层海水受电厂温排水影响温升在1℃和4℃上的面积平均值分别为0.648 km2和0.199 km2;（2）热羽面积变化趋势与涨、落潮过程呈现高度相关性,同一潮次中低潮时刻热羽面积大于高潮时刻。（3）海水温升分布呈现出较明显的垂向差异,表层温升面积为底层温升面积的2～4倍,表明由于温差所产生的浮力效应,温排水主要集中于海水表层流动。研究结果表明通常采用的基于垂向平均的二维温排水数值模型无法精确模拟温度分层,只有建立三维模型才能对温排水引起的温升场进行精确模拟。     

城市污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物脲酶活性及硝化潜力分析

为探究城市污水厂尾水排放对河流沉积物氮素滞留的影响,在合肥市的南淝河、十五里河、塘西河、板桥河和廿埠河各选取一个河段,分3个季节采集尾水排放口上、下游一定范围的河道表层沉积物,解析沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力及其变化特征,并对沉积物脲酶活性对外源碳的响应开展定量化分析.结果表明,5个尾水受纳河段排放口下游河道沉积物TN、NH₄⁺-N含量都不同程度的低于上游对照点,多数受纳河段沉积物NO₃^--N和OM含量下降,TP则大都不同程度的升高.绝大多数受纳河段尾水排放口下游沉积物脲酶活性低于上游对照点,甚至离尾水排放口距离越近的采样点位脲酶活性越低.5个尾水受纳河段不同程度表现出沉积物脲酶活性随外源碳浓度梯度增大的特点,表明河段沉积物脲酶活性存在一定的碳限制性.南淝河、十五里河和塘西河河段尾水排放口下游所有采样点沉积物硝化速率均高于上游对照点,而板桥河、 廿埠河河段则相反.总体上,各尾水受纳河段排放口上游对照点与下游采样点的沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力和硝化活性差异性不显著.