历届环保最佳实用技术经济效益统计分析

统计分析了1992－1998年我国环保最佳实用技术的经济效益数据，得到了最佳实用技术经济效益的基本特点、年际变化规律及行业分布规律，并根据不同行业的特点，提出了相应的环保最佳实用技术推广模式。     

环境要素的环境收益、数量测算与受益归宿

为定量测算环境收益及其受益归宿,理解经济增长与环境保护的复杂耦合关系,匹配了中国工业企业数据库与环境统计数据库,用2011~2013年微观面板数据估计了企业治污成本函数,分介质、分行业加总得到了工业环境收益,采用受约束模型估计了其在企业利润、工资与税收间的分配.结果发现中国年度工业环境收益约9000亿元,是当年GDP和工业增加值的约2%与5%;高耗能行业占了环境收益的近70%.环境收益的最大受益方是企业职工,摄取了总额的约80%,政府是第二大获益方,进入企业利润的份额不足3%;环境收益贡献了企业工资的近25%,高耗能行业该比例达50%.环境要素的使用是增长的重要推动力,而工业的深度污染治理可能带来利益格局的不对称调整,对企业工资和就业产生重要影响,在绿色发展中应建立局部与整体、短期与长期利益的平衡机制.     

搞好工业发展规划是解决城市环境问题的基本途径

城市环境污染问题是多方面、多层次的,解决城市环境问题的途径也是多方面、多层次的。该文通过本钢“400万吨钢"发展规划的环保分析,提出了搞好工业发展规划是解决城市环境问题的基本途径。本钢通过发展规划、实施技术改造,不但能够消除一些老污染源,而且还为污染的进一步治理提供了经济、技术基础,其环境效益显著。      

吸收法和吸附法油气回收技术的联合应用

介绍了吸收法、吸附法、冷凝法及膜法回收轻质油品蒸发排放出来的油气的回收机理和关键工艺设计数据，分析了在工程应用时存在的一些关键问题、回收效果影响因素。综合比较工业应用时的优缺点和适用范围，认为常压常温吸收法和活性炭吸附法回收技术可在工业实践中联合运用。应用油气回收装置将带来明显的社会效益、环境效益及经济效益。     

Reducing the environmental impact of the unhairing–liming process in the leather tanning industry

The environmental impact of the tanning industry is generally significant with outputs of wastes, i.e. high concentrations of organics, salts and heavy metals (chromium compounds), both in solid and liquid form, as a result. In order to bring the tanning industry more in line with present environmental thinking, various methods have been devised to reduce impacts.The underlying study proposes a modification of the method for unhairing–liming of hides where the unhairing–liming liquids are reused several times after being recharged by reduced quantities of chemicals. The study, therefore, aims at reducing both the economic and environmental costs of the unhairing–liming process.Experiments were carried out at lab scale with a simulation apparatus designed for the purpose. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the net environmental benefits of the modified method. The present value approach was used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the modified method. The quality of the produced leather was assessed by experts from the tanning sector (tanners).On the environmental level, the modified method reduced the environmental impact of the process by 24%, COD was reduced by 50% as well as sulfide which was reduced by 73% when the process water was recycled four times.The modified method requires some investment in new equipment and is a little more labor intensive as compared with the conventional method but does permit for savings in water up to 58% and chemicals up to 28% as well as wastewater treatment cost which was reduced by 58%. The modified method allowed for four times reuse of the unhairing–liming liquor without visibly affecting the quality of the final product of leather.It was concluded that both the economic and the environmental costs of the unhairing–liming process were reduced relative to the same of the conventional method.     

Case study evidence that direct regulation remains the main driver of industrial pollution avoidance and may benefit operational efficiency

Environmental regulation is required to reduce industrial pollution to levels that are socially acceptable and economically efficient, but there is debate over the most efficient form of such regulation. Typically, a limited range of environmental and economic parameters are accounted for in the econometric studies that inform that debate. This paper integrates evidence from two separate studies to assess a broad range of parameters related to the efficiency of industrial environmental regulation. Questionnaire responses from 25 Italian manufacturers of building-chemicals and 28 Irish pharmaceutical manufacturers provided evidence on the environmental effectiveness and operational impacts of different regulatory instruments. Combined with extensive emissions data from Irish pharmaceutical manufacturers, survey results enabled a quantitative estimation of pollution avoidance specifically attributable to direct regulation. The monetised social benefit of avoided pollution was found to be equal to direct compliance costs. Chemical manufacturers in Italy and Ireland stated that direct regulation is a more important driver of industrial environmental performance than economic or voluntary regulation, and their responses indicated that direct compliance costs may be countered somewhat by stimulated operational improvements. It was concluded that direct regulation is an effective approach for multi-pollutant control in an industrial context, and that the efficiency of such regulation may be underestimated in studies that do not consider the full range of pollutants and operational effects.     

基于基尼系数的湖泊流域分区水污染物总量分配

从经济、社会和环境系统整体效益出发,将环境基尼系数应用于总量控制分配中,分别以人口和工业增加值等作为湖泊流域内基尼系数分配的指标,建立了一种定性与定量相结合描述湖泊流域分区水污染物排放总量分配的层次结构模型.该模型综合考虑了各项评价指标,以区域允许排污总量为基础,依据环境基尼系数调整各分区允许排污量的权重比,并依此比例在各分区间进行排污总量分配.同时,以汤逊湖流域为例,根据流域内经济、社会和环境系统的实际特点,以工业增加值为主要限制指标,调整分配方案,计算出该流域水污染物排放总量的分配结果.结果表明,本研究提出的分配方法,克服了等比例分配的不公平性,同时又兼顾了各分区间的实际差异,是一种较好的分配方法.     

浅谈现代工业企业的内部环境管理与效益

企业环境问题是环境问题的主要组成部分,防治企业环境污染始终是污染防治工作的重点。但若一味地增加污染治理投资,势必使企业承受巨大的经济压力。本文在全面分析现代工业企业内部环境管理内容的基础上,提出了如何让工业企业的环境保护投资为自身创造经济效益和社会效益的措施,为企业内部环境管理人员及决策人员提供参考。     

大掺量工业废渣普通硅酸盐水泥

利用工业 废渣煤 矸石、液态 渣、磷渣 、锰渣、磷 石膏生产 ４２５ Ｒ 型普 通硅 酸盐 水泥。 水泥 中工业废 渣的掺 量 达 ３５ ％ 以 上， 其 ３ ｄ 平 均 抗 压 强 度 达 到 了 ２ ６５ Ｍ Ｐａ ，２８ｄ 平 均 抗 压 强 度 达 到 了５２４ Ｍ Ｐａ 。该项技 术值得推 广借鉴     

碱性蚀刻废液处理方式的比较研究

碱性蚀刻废液是一种铜含量高、废液浓度较高的工业废水,对其回收利用具有较高的经济价值和环境效益。简要介绍、比较分析了碱性蚀刻废液实用的两种处理方式。在线方式可实现碱性蚀刻液再生和金属铜的回收,而线外方式可回收多种铜盐。从资源循环、环境效益角度分析,在线方式将具有广阔的应用前景。     

坝对环境影响的经济分析方法

修建大坝是社会性的大投资,其主要用途是供给生活及工业用水、能源生产、灌溉及防洪,除了这些直接效益外。坝及其水库储水还将产生一些相关的环境影响.本文简述了坝工程对水库流域的各种环境影响,着重阐述了用货币估价环境影响的经济分析方法。      

中国环境影响评价制度四方信号博弈分析

针对中国环境影响评价执行率逐步提高的同时,环境质量却持续恶化的现状,从环境经济学的理论出发,揭示了参与方之间的关系是由其经济关系决定的,取决于参与方之间的交易成本和经济收益.选用经典博弈论中的信号博弈模型对中国的环评过程进行描述,分析参与四方(政府、企业、环评单位、公众)的行动,得出博弈均衡解,按照博弈的转化条件,获得将现有均衡转变为最优均衡状态的博弈方法.分析发现,模型存在2个均衡解.目前的环境影响评价处在片面追求经济收益的状态,而追求经济和环境保护协调发展的状态,显然更符合社会发展的要求.在将公众作为参与方加入到模型后,通过计算模型总收益和总成本的变化,表明完善的公众参与体制可以实现模型均衡转化的目标.     

Towards sustainable production and use of charcoal in Kenya: exploring the potential in life cycle management approach

The study seeks to demonstrate the potential role that industrial ecology could play towards energy poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Kenya through sustainable charcoal production and consumption. This is achieved through an exploration of the application of the life cycle management (LCM) concept that identifies various opportunities for technological intervention for energy and environmental conservation and reduction of material and energy losses. It also identifies opportunities for income generation at various stages of the product’s life cycle; an aspect critical in poverty reduction in developing countries. The study finds that applying LCM in the charcoal trade in Kenya can deliver social, economic and environmental benefits to developing country communities and should, therefore, be promoted. However, appropriate legal, policy and institutional frameworks must exist in these countries for this to occur.     

基于物质代谢分析的高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链评估研究

高铝煤炭广泛分布于我国内蒙古自治区中西部煤田,富含丰富的铝、硅、锂、镓等有价元素,对其进行资源协同开发,有望大幅提升我国铝资源供给体系韧性并提高固废利用率,以及改善燃煤电厂的飞灰堆存等环境污染问题. 本研究以大唐国际托电园区的高铝粉煤灰示范生产线为案例,解析了高铝煤炭中各类无机资源的分布规律,并在全面梳理“原料—工艺—技术—产品/副产品”匹配机制的基础上,构建了集成“高铝煤炭清洁燃烧工艺-多级预脱硅工艺-氧化铝低能耗提取工艺”于一体的高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链;采用物质代谢分析方法,研究高铝煤炭循环利用全过程中有价元素的迁移转化规律,建立了高铝煤炭伴生有价元素的走向与分配模型,识别了该产业链中物质代谢优化调控的关键环节;此外,以传统铝土矿炼铝产业和木浆造纸产业为参考基准,核算了该产业链推广应用的经济、环境效益. 结果表明,高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链中有价元素总体循环回收利用率超过80.0%,在内蒙古自治区推广应用该产业链,每年可生产1 303.0×104 t氧化铝,联产964.0×104 t活性硅酸钙和3 192.0×104 t硅钙渣,创造年收入401.2×108元,节约3 505.0×104 t铝土矿,保护11.5 km2植被. 研究显示,高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链的有价元素回收率高,具有良好的环境和经济效益.      

我国制糖(甘蔗)生态工业模式及典型案例分析

在对我国制糖工业发展现状与趋势分析的基础上,基于工业生态学原理提出了制糖(甘蔗)生态工业模式,剖析了其生态学组成和结构、工业代谢类型及主要特征,并以我国建立的第一个国家生态工业园——贵港生态工业园为例进行了案例研究。研究表明,通过引入生态工业理念,对制糖行业进行生态化重构。构建生态工业链和生态工业网,可从根本上削减制糖工业对环境的污染,增强制糖工业的可持续发展能力,取得明显的社会、经济和环境效益。     

广州南沙国际汽车产业园的生态工业网络设计

以循环经济和生态工业园理念为指导，以广州南沙国际汽车产业园区为例，通过分析区域规划产业特征，进行了生态工业网络设计。通过补充生态链的缺失环节，将园区汽车、电子、化工等新建企业和制糖业等原有污染较为严重的企业及当地居民生活进行组合，提高了资源使用效率，带动了原有产业的升级换代，从根本上削弱了原有污染源对环境造成的污染，并实现一定的经济效益。     

Green renewal: incorporating environmental factors in equipment replacement decisions under technological change

Equipment replacement is a fact of life in every industrial setting, and this paper seeks to answer the question: How can firms and policy makers effectively balance environmental and economic concerns with respect to replacement decisions? A replacement model which includes both economic and environmental factors is presented. One must decide whether to keep the existing technology, upgrade to a newer technology which produces a smaller environmental burden, or wait for an even newer, cleaner technology which may be introduced soon. More than 25 000 test problems are solved, examining different objectives and covering a wide range of applications. Including environmental costs does not lead to a consistent increase in the adoption of cleaner technologies; however, including incentives to adopt newer technologies does. When one accounts for the environmental impact of producing new equipment and disposing of old equipment, earlier adoption of new technologies actually increases the total environmental burden in some cases.     

开展清洁生产审计实现企业经济与环境双效益─—绍兴市清洁生产示范项目企业试点及其效益分析

对绍兴市清洁生产示范项目的试点企业清洁生产审计方法、程序及初步成果作了系统的分析。论述了采用清洁生产审计，进行污染预防，是企业实现经济与环境双重效益的最佳途径。提出了现阶段企业开展清洁生产的部份政策和制度的建议。对我国的清洁生产审计方法学与政策制订具有一定的理论与实践意义。     

良种补贴政策的环境效应研究

以小麦良种补贴政策为例,将单位面积化肥施用量作为环境效应评估的代理变量,基于市级农业数据构建了双重差分模型,量化了政策实施导致的单位面积化肥施用量的变化,进而评估化肥施用量变化导致的农户种植成本、温室气体排放和社会碳成本的变化.结果表明,该政策实施使单位面积化肥施用量下降了5.9%,农户种植成本减少了139.42元/hm²,温室气体排放减少了822.06kg CO₂e/hm²,社会碳成本减少了301.91元/hm²,充分补偿了良种补贴的财政支出.建议未来农业补贴政策的制定、改进及推广应充分考虑其潜在的环境影响,以加强农业增产和环境效益的协同.     

中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响

通过构建化学品风险管理SEA(社会经济影响分析)方法学,结合中国硫丹生产、使用及替代技术状况的调研,对中国履约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响进行了分析. 结果表明:中国5 a淘汰情景下的总成本为5 007.2×104元,其中产业经济成本为4 852.2×104元,管理成本为155.0×104元,沉没成本约为651.0×104元;10 a淘汰情景下的总成本为2 748.5×104元,其中产业经济成本为2 507.6×104元,管理成本为240.9×104元,而沉没成本约为651.0×104元. 硫丹淘汰对现有硫丹原药生产企业会产生一定的经济及化工生产链影响,但总体经济影响不大. 对履约淘汰硫丹的主要利益攸关方、就业影响和消费者福利等因素的分析表明,除对硫丹长期集中使用的棉花种植者构成一定的短期影响外,中国履约淘汰硫丹产生的社会影响较小. 其中,5 a淘汰情景比10 a淘汰情景可减少约2 000 t硫丹环境排放量,具有更显著的环境和健康效益. 因而,建议中国采用5 a淘汰情景履约淘汰硫丹,研究成果可为国家硫丹履约行动计划的制订和实施提供参考.