Species-pool effect potentials (SPEP) as a yardstick to evaluate land-use impacts on biodiversity

Using land to produce biomass or to build infrastructure has adverse impacts on ecosystem quality or, more precisely, on attributes (biodiversity, ecological functions, natural resources) of ecosystem quality. However, there is no comprehensive assessment methodology that allows the assessment of different land-use activities in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). I have defined the safeguard subject ecosystem quality and have modelled land-use impacts on species diversity on both local and regional scales. The characterisation factor species-pool effect potential (SPEP) has been developed for weighting a wide range of land-use activities. Occupation of urban, built-up and arable land are found to negatively affect the species-pool. Mixed forests and fallow appear to have positive effects. Generic SPEP factors can be used to assess the potential effect of land-use interventions in the framework of LCIA.     

Identification of biomes affected by marginal expansion of agricultural land use induced by increased crop consumption

In a previous study, the global agricultural expansion caused by wheat consumption in four different countries was modelled with the aim of establishing land use life cycle inventories. The previous study estimated the areas affected by expansion (in terms of square meters) but did not explain how to characterise these areas. The present study ascribes so-called biomes (natural potential vegetation) to the areas affected by agricultural expansion in order to provide a basis for assessing the environmental impacts from land use in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The methodology builds on agricultural statistics and maps of global agricultural areas and the global distribution of biomes. The application of the method is illustrated with four examples. The results indicate that agricultural expansion on land suited for crop cultivation (cultivable land) typically affects forest biomes or potential grassland/steppe, whereas expansion on land suited for grazing but not for crop cultivation (grazable land) typically occurs on potential shrubland or a few other biomes depending on the region. Some uncertainty applies to the results but it is concluded that it is feasible to identify biomes affected by agricultural expansion and that the biomes can therefore be used as a starting point for land use LCIA.     

退耕还林还草对土地利用变化影响程度研究——以延安生态建设示范区为例

文章在分析延安生态建设示范区2000-2003年间各土地利用类型的数量变化和空间特征的基础上,引入退耕指数、退耕影响系数等指标研究退耕还林草对示范区土地利用结构变化的影响。结果显示,示范区已退耕坡耕地36.07%,平均每年退耕12.02%,全区的退耕影响系数高达4.76,该结果表明大规模的退耕还林草活动对区域土地利用变化的影响很大,它推动了土地利用结构的优化。分乡镇的研究显示,退耕对示范区各乡镇土地利用变化的影响存在一定的差异,除2个乡镇的退耕影响系数远远低于全区平均水平外,其他7个乡镇都高于全区平均水平。     

新疆鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度空间异质性及其多尺度效应

基于新疆维吾尔自治区鸟类和哺乳动10km×10km物种空间分布数据及1km×1km土地利用数据,引入NDVI、海拔和地理纬度等辅助数据,分别对物种和土地利用数据进行尺度变换,计算分析了1～10km尺度下的景观指数,并进一步在生态系统层面进行尺度效应研究,以探究表征物种多样性空间异质性的合理尺度.结果表明:新疆总体的景观...     

密云水库流域2000-2005年植被覆盖度变化监测

植被是生态系统最重要的组成部分,而植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的一个最重要的指标,是生态系统健康评价的前提和必要的基础。文章利用2000和2005年2个时相的Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像为数据源,以BP神经网络法为植被覆盖度估算模型,计算了密云水库流域内不同时期的植被覆盖度,生成了该流域2个时相内的植被覆盖度图,以此分析密云水库流域植被覆盖度的时空变化。结果表明,从2000-2005年,密云水库流域内除无植被覆盖类型外(即水域部分),其余土地利用类型的植被覆盖度都呈增加趋势,其中以沙质地和耕地最为明显,分别增长了29.5%和27.3%,并且密云水库流域的平均植被覆盖度不高,尤其西部地区植被覆盖度较差,水土流失和土地沙化情况比较严重。     

贵州植物物种高丰富度区域人类干扰变化分析

结合地面调查和卫星遥感监测手段,基于贵州省维管植物、濒危植物物种、特有物种野外调查数据的整理和空间化,叠加形成物种高丰富度区,结合1990～2018年贵州土地利用和人类干扰遥感监测数据,对其动态变化进行分析,结果表明:1)贵州植物物种高丰富度区域主要分布在册亨县、安定县、兴义市、兴仁县、凯里市、雷山县、印江土家族苗族自...     

Effects of exotic fish farms on bird communities in lake and marine ecosystems

Salmon farming is a widespread activity around the world, also known to promote diverse environmental effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, information regarding the impact of salmon farming on bird assemblages is notably scarce. We hypothesize that salmon farming, by providing food subsidies and physical structures to birds, will change their local community structure. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a seasonal monitoring of bird richness, abundance, and composition at paired salmon pen and control plots in two marine and two lake sites in southern Chile, from fall 2002 to summer 2004. Overall, salmon farming had no significant effects on species richness, but bird abundance was significantly and noticeably higher in salmon pens than in controls. Such aggregation was mainly accounted for by the trophic guilds of omnivores, diving piscivores, carrion eaters, and perching piscivores, but not by invertebrate feeders, herbivores, and surface feeders. Species composition was also significantly and persistently different between salmon pens and controls within each lake or marine locality. The patterns described above remained consistent across environment types and seasons indicating that salmon farming is changing the community structure of birds in both lake and marine habitats by promoting functional and aggregation responses, particularly by favoring species with broader niches. Such local patterns may thus anticipate potential threats from the ongoing expansion of the salmon industry to neighboring areas in Chile, resulting in regional changes of bird communities, toward a less diverse one and dominated by opportunistic, common, and generalist species such as gulls, vultures, and cormorants.     

一个基于土地利用详查的中国土地资源利用区划新方案

文章简要总结了中国土地资源利用分区工作,进而提出了中国土地资源利用区划的原则、依据和指标体系,确立了中国土地资源利用区划体系与分级。在此基础上,基于《全国土地利用详查》的分县汇总数据,以分县为单元,把自上而下的定性分析和自下而上的定量归并两种区划途径相结合,在县域土地利用结构类型聚类分析的基础上,承继前人的相关工作,提出了一个由12个土地利用区和67个土地利用亚区构成的中国土地资源利用区划新方案,编制完成中国土地资源利用分区图。该方案首次划分出了东南沿海区和藏东南-横断山区两个土地利用区,与以往的方案相比有所创新和发展;土地利用亚区的划分则强调国土开发的重点地区和土地严重退化或生态脆弱地区,从而更具实用性。     

Impacts of “metals” on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

This paper looks into the differences and uncertainties in determining the impact of “metals’” emissions on human health, in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Metals are diverse substances, with different properties and characteristics, considered important in LCIA because of their toxicity to humans and ecosystems. First, we defined a list of the most significant metals in terms of impacts on human health. This was done according to precise criteria accounting for both physical and toxic properties of the metals. Second, we performed an LCIA on different key processes using various existing LCIA methodologies and including also USEtox: the recently developed consensus-model for LCIA. Last, we compared the results in relative terms using a contribution analysis. The analysis showed poor or no agreement between the methods: the relative contribution of each metal and of the metals in total to the total impact on human health changes greatly according to the LCIA method used. These differences are due mainly to the number of metals included in each method and to the technique used to calculate the characterization factors. Results obtained with USEtox show no apparent correlation with results calculated with other methods. At present time USEtox is recommended as the best model for LCIA on human toxicity, but mainly because of the large consensus behind it, because its uncertainties regarding metals are still high. The study gives a good and simple overview regarding the way different methods address the impact assessment for metals, and helps in the interpretation of LCIA results for actual LCA studies where metal emissions are involved.     

不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法,并结合主成分分析方法,研究了不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物数量、菌群分布、群落结构特征等的影响.PLFA分析结果表明,旱地土壤PLFA总量变幅为8.35~25.15 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为油菜蚕豆玉米水稻小麦,5种秸秆翻埋还田均能提高土壤微生物PLFA总量,其中油菜、蚕豆处理分别是不加秸秆处理的2.18、2.08倍,差异显著;5种秸秆处理各菌群PLFA量均高于不加秸秆处理,其中真菌量均显著提高,微生物群落物种丰富度值也显著提高.水田土壤PLFA总量变幅为4.04~22.19nmol·g-1,大小顺序为水稻玉米小麦油菜蚕豆,其中油菜和蚕豆处理低于不加秸秆处理;除蚕豆外其余秸秆处理真菌PLFA量均显著高于不加秸秆处理,蚕豆处理细菌和PLFA总量均显著低于其他处理,各处理间放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)无显著差异;水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜均能显著提高水田土壤微生物的物种丰富度指数和优势度指数.主成分分析结果表明蚕豆青秆对旱地土壤微生物群落结构影响最大,油菜青秆和小麦秸秆对水田土壤微生物群落结构影响最大.     

Impacts of lands cover change on plant and bird species diversity in Hainan Island, China

--Hainan Island, located at the southern end of China, hasless than 0.4% of land area but contains 13% of plant and animalspecies in China. During the last four decades many primary forestshave been converted to shrub land, grassland, and tree planation(e.g., eucalyptus forest). As a result, area of primary tropicalforest has been reduced from 25.8% in the 1950s to 4% in the 1990s.To assess impacts of land conversion on plant and bird speciesdiversity, a series of samples in primary forest and four types ofconverted lands were took. The land conversion had tremendouslyreduced both plant and bird species diversity. Specifically, plantspecies richness per site was 83.7 in primary forest, 28.3 in shrubland, 12.5 in grassland, 14.4 in eucalyptus forest, and 21.4 inAcacia forest. Bird species richness showed a similar trend 22.0in primary forest, 14.5 in shrub land, 2.5 in grassland, 4.9 ineucalyptus forest, and 9.0 in Acacia forest. The Shannon speciesdiversity indices for plants in the five types of land cover were3.69, 1.99, 0.97, 1.47 and 2.07, respectively. Similarly, the Shannon indices for bird species diversity were the highest in primary forest, and lowest in grassland, and intermediate in shrubland and eucalyptus forest.     

辽河源头区坡耕地面源污染阻控技术研究

辽河源头区多为低山丘陵区域.由于人类对土地资源的不合理开发利用,致使森林覆盖率降低,坡耕地面积增多.为提高单位面积的农作物产量,主要措施之一就是增加化肥投入量.随着农田生态系统化肥投入量的增加,不被作物吸收的营养物质通过淋溶渗透地表径流等进入水环境中.坡耕地面源污染阻控研究是基于其产生的原因及迁移过程,采取农业耕作措施、水土保持工程措施和生物措施等相结合方式,构建坡耕地面源污染控制技术体系.     

辽河源头区坡耕地面源污染阻控技术研究

辽河源头区多为低山丘陵区域．由于人类对土地资源的不合理开发利用,致使森林覆盖率降低,坡耕地面积增多。为提高单位面积的农作物产量,主要措施之一就是增加化肥投入量．随着农田生态系统化肥投入量的增加,不被作物吸收的营养物质通过淋溶渗透地表径流等进入水环境中。坡耕地面源污染阻控研究是基于其产生的原因及迁移过程,采取农业耕作措施、水土保持工程措施和生物措施等相结合方式,构建坡耕地面源污染控制技术体系。     

Impacts of land cover change on plant and bird species diversity in Hainan Island,China

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Deviance partitioning of host factors affecting parasitization in the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus)

Deviance partitioning can provide new insights into the ecology of host-parasite interactions. We studied the host-related factors influencing parasite prevalence, abundance, and species richness in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from northern Spain. We defined three groups of explanatory variables: host environment, host population, and individual factors. We hypothesised that parasite infection rates and species richness were determined by different host-related factors depending on the nature of the parasite (endo- or ectoparasite, direct or indirect life cycle). To assess the relative importance of these components, we used deviance partitioning, an innovative approach. The explained deviance (ED) was higher for parasite abundance models, followed by those of prevalence and then by species richness, suggesting that parasite abundance models may best describe the host factors influencing parasitization. Models for parasites with a direct life cycle yielded higher ED values than those for indirect life cycle ones. As a general trend, host individual factors explained the largest proportion of the ED, followed by host environmental factors and, finally, the interaction between host environmental and individual factors. Similar hierarchies were found for parasite prevalence, abundance, and species richness. Individual factors comprised the most relevant group of explanatory variables for both types of parasites. However, host environmental factors were also relevant in models for indirect life-cycle parasites. These findings are consistent with the idea of the host as the main habitat of the parasite; whereas, for indirect life-cycle parasites, transmission would be also modulated by environmental conditions. We suggest that parasitization can be used not only as an indicator of individual fitness but also as an indicator of environmental quality for the host. This research underlines the importance of monitoring parasite rates together with environmental, population, and host factors.     

荒漠草原区油气管道建设对地表植被格局的影响

以油气管道经过的乌鲁木齐荒漠草原地区为研究对象,选择施工前、施工期以及恢复期3个不同施工阶段的遥感影像数据,解译地表植被类型,采用象元二分法提取植被覆盖度,通过比较时间上植被覆盖格局和土地利用格局的变化,分析油气管道建设对生态系统影响的范围和特点.研究发现:不同建设时期管道两边荒漠草原区土地利用类型差异较大,草地面积持续降低,共计减少32.53%,灌木林地面积增加到24.61%,建设用地面积在建设期增加,植被恢复期降低.研究区复杂程度提高,原有生态结构发生改变;建设期管道施工作业带及两侧10m范围内植被覆盖度显著低于其他区域,而管道两侧50~100以及100~200m范围内的植被覆盖度无明显差异,但与200~300m范围相比差异显著.管道建设主要影响范围为管道上方施工作业带以及两侧10m的范围内,间接影响范围为施工作业带两侧200m内;恢复期人为措施对研究区植被覆盖度的主要影响范围为施工作业带;管道建设改变了荒漠草原生态系统的组成结构,是管道周边土地利用类型和荒漠草地系统变化的主要推动力;人为恢复措施无法使受影响区域的植被恢复到建设前的水平.     

基于序列模式的土地利用变化分析——以广西壮族自治区为例

土地利用变化是一个长期的过程,同时具有一定的复杂性。传统的转移矩阵方法只能在两期土地利用数据之间相互比较而不能总结长期整体的变化规律,频繁项集不能导出变化序列。针对这些方法的不足,本文提出了基于序列模式的土地利用变化序列分析模型。首先给出土地序列数据库的定义,然后根据土地序列数据实际特点和垂直格式的序列模式SPADE算法,给出土地变化序列模式的计算过程和方法。在以中国广西为实例的研究中,计算了1970s—2015年共7期22种二级土地利用类型的变化序列。研究区土地利用变化主要发生在林地之间,部分林地转换为厂矿、采石场、交通道路等建设用地类型;城镇用地主要由旱地和水田转换而来;在研究期内没有任何一个土地单元转化成水田。     

线性工程切割耕地的权属调整方法及系统实现——以保阜高速顺平段沿线土地整治项目为例

论文以高速公路切割的耕地地块为研究对象,根据权属调整的不同方向,将权属调整分为所有权置换和使用权流转两种类型,并将权属调整的方法分为面积法和价值法;在GIS服务软件SuperMap iServer支持下,建立了一个交互式权属调整应用系统,以保阜高速顺平段沿线的高于铺镇、腰山镇土地整治项目区中的切割耕地为案例,应用系统生成了项目区高速公路沿线切割耕地的权属调整方案。研究结果表明,线性工程切割耕地需进行权属调整以保障农业生产,研究采用的权属调整方法符合当地实际情况,利用权属调整系统可以自动生成推荐权属调整方案,并可以根据用户需求进行调整,同时系统可以对权属调整相关数据进行动态管理。     

基于“三生”适宜性的县域土地利用冲突识别与分析

精准识别潜在土地利用冲突有利于预警权衡和协调冲突用地,有利于科学进行国土空间规划。以“三调”修正数据为基础,基于生产、生活、生态视角,构建高植被覆盖率县域生产、生活、生态即“三生”适宜性评价模型与土地利用冲突识别矩阵,并选取横峰县进行实证分析。结果表明:（1）横峰县“三生”适宜性用地的空间分布与面积构成差异显著,且存在明显的空间叠加特征,暗示着研究区土地利用存在冲突;（2）从潜在冲突识别的结果来看,土地利用适宜区、冲突激烈区、冲突中度区、冲突一般区及冲突微弱区面积占比分别为64.02%、9.66%、17.19%、1.66%、7.48%;（3）各个冲突类型区空间分布、表现形式的差异性决定了冲突和解的对策也需因地制宜。研究结果可为相关及类似县域的国土空间规划提供理论参考。